adu

adjective. double

adurant

place name. Double Stream

One of the seven streams from which Ossiriand got its name (S/123). The stream divided around the island Tol Galen, and was thus named “Double Stream” (SI/Adurant), a compound of adu “double” and rant “course” (SA/rant). Given the river’s location in Ossiriand, this name might be Nandorin instead.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the name Adurant was designated Ilkorin, but otherwise had the same meaning (Ety/AT(AT)). Like many of the river names in Ossiriand, Tolkien did not give a new etymology of the name after he abandoned the Ilkorin language.

Adurant

noun. double course

adu (Ilk (AS?) “double”) + rant (“load, vein”)

aduial

noun. the evening, time of star-opening, "evendim"

aduial

noun. (evening) twilight, (evening) twilight, *evening

tadui

ordinal. second

tadui

ordinal. second

Adurant

Adurant

The name means Doublestream (from adu "double" and rant "course") in Sindarin, referring to a parting of the river about the isle of Tol Galen.

Adurant

Doublestream

The name means Doublestream (from adu "double" and rant "course") in Sindarin, referring to a parting of the river about the isle of Tol Galen.

aduial

second twilight

(evendim, the time of evening when the stars come out), pl. aduiail.

aduial

second twilight

. aduial (evendim, the time of evening when the stars come out), pl. aduiail.

ad

second

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, again, re-", e.g. aderthad "Reunion", and also in the term for

ad

second

also meaning "back, again, re-", e.g. aderthad "Reunion", and also in the term for

tadui

second

(adjective) 1) tadui (lenited dadui; no distinct pl. form), 2) edwen (pl. edwin).

tadui

second

(lenited dadui; no distinct pl. form)

dîr

noun. man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix

A word for “man” as a male person, attested only as an element in compounds or as (archaic?) ndir (PE17/60). This word likely refers to male individuals of all races including Elves, Men, Dwarves and so forth, much like its Quenya cognate Q. nér. This word must have been derived from the primitive subjective form ✶ndēr of the root √N(D)ER “male person”, where the ancient long ē became ī, and the initial cluster nd- became d-, though the ancient cluster would still be reflected in mutated forms, such as in i nîr “the man” rather than ✱✱i dhîr.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor to this word is (archaic) G. †drio “hero, warrior” with variants driw, driodweg and driothweg, a cognate of ᴱQ. nēr (GL/22). This Gnomish word was derived from primitive ᴱ✶n’reu̯, where the initial nr- became dr-. At this early stage, the root was unstrengthened ᴱ√NERE (QL/65), as reflected in (archaic) ᴱN. nîr “hero, prince, warrior-elf” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/164).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DER “adult male, man” of any speaking race and the derived form was N. dîr (Ety/DER). However, in this document Tolkien said:

> EN †dîr surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL], Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir “doer, maker”) ... In ordinary use EN has benn [for “man”] (properly = “husband”).

Thus in the scenario described in The Etymologies, dîr “man” was archaic and used only as an element in names or as a suffix. In ordinary speech it was replaced by N. benn, which used to mean “husband” but now meant “man”, while the word for “husband” became N. hervenn (Ety/BES). It is unlikely Tolkien imagined this exact scenario in later Sindarin, however, since the 1930s root for benn was ᴹ√BES “wed”, but by the 1960s the root for husband/wife/marry words had become √BER.

Neo-Sindarin: Since the status of N. benn is questionable given ᴹ√BES >> √BER, many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. ✱dîr as the Sindarin word for man. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable for “man, male person”. This is because I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES as the root for “marry, wed”, since it is the best basis for attested husband/wife words in (Neo) Sindarin.

bethragas

 noun. adultery, (lit.) marriage-breakage

The form is derived from vestaracië, as originally created by Helge Fauskanger for his translation of the biblical New Testament into Neo-Quenya.

adûn

adûn

Derived from Sindarin dûn and annûn

gannan

adjective. waxen, grown big, grown up, adult, [originally?] large

dîr

man

1) (adult male of any speaking race) dîr (dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”. 2) (mortal human as opposed to Elf) Adan (pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

annúnaid

proper name. Westron

The Sindarin name for the “Westron” language (PM/316). Its initial element is clearly annûn “west”, but the meaning of the suffix -aid is unclear. It might be some variation on the gerund-suffix -ed/-ad seen in nouns like genediad “reckoning”, though this suffix usually forms nouns from verbs, not adjectives.

dûn

noun. west

Dúnadan

noun. Man of the west, Númenórean

adan

noun. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men)

adanadar

noun. man, one of the Fathers of Men

adanath

noun. men

annúnaid

noun. the "Westron" language (one of the names for Common Speech)

annûn

noun. west, sunset

drúadan

noun. wild man, one of the Woses

drû

noun. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man

In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word

dûn

noun. west

dûn

noun. west

_n. _west. Q. nū-. >> annûn

edaid

ordinal. double

edaid

adjective. double

edwen

ordinal. second

edwen

ordinal. second

gala-

verb. to grow

iant

noun. bridge

iant

noun. bridge

tadeg

ordinal. second

taid

adjective. second (in the sense of supporting, second in command)

adan

man

(pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

annúnaid

westron

(a language) Annúnaid

annúnaid

westron

annûn

west

1) annûn; 2) Dúven (na Núven, o Ndúven). Christopher Tolkien tentatively read the illegible gloss as ”southern” (LR:376 s.v. NDŪ), but the etymology seems to demand the meaning ”west”: dú-ven with the same ending as in Forven ”North” and Harven ”South”. The ending means ”way”, so Dúven may be ”west” considered as a direction. WEST-ELF (Elf of Beleriand, including Noldor and Sindar) Dúnedhel (i Núnedhel), pl. Dúnedhil (i Ndúnedhil). (WJ:378, 386)

annûn

west

bôr

trusty man

(boron-) (i vôr, construct bor) (steadfast man, faithful vassal), pl. *b**ŷr* for older beryn, i meryn (archaic böryn, i möryn). In ”Noldorin”, the older pl. forms were berein, beren.

curunír

man of craft

(i gurunír, o churunír) (wizard), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. ?curuníriath.

dîr

man

(dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”.

dúnadan

man of the west

(i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386).

dúnadan

númenórean

(i Núnadan) (Man of the West), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386)

dúnedhel

west-elf

(i Núnedhel), pl. *Dúnedhil*** (i Ndúnedhil*). (WJ:378, 386)*

dúven

west

(na Núven, o Ndúven). Christopher Tolkien tentatively read the illegible gloss as ”southern” (LR:376 s.v. NDŪ), but the etymology seems to demand the meaning ”west”: dú-ven with the same ending as in Forven ”North” and Harven ”South”. The ending means ”way”, so Dúven may be ”west” considered as a direction.

dû

late evening

(i dhû) (night, nightfall, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302).

edaid

double

(adj.) 1) edaid; no distinct pl. form, 2) tadol (lenited dadol, analogical pl. dedyl)

edaid

double

; no distinct pl. form

edwen

second

(pl. edwin).

firion

mortal man

(pl. firyn).

iant

bridge

(yoke), pl. iaint, coll. pl. iannath.

ianu

bridge

1) *ianu, analogical pl. ieny.; coll. pl. likely ianwath, given the archaic form ianw (which is the form listed in the Etymologies), 2) iant (yoke), pl. iaint, coll. pl. iannath. SKY-BRIDGE, see RAINBOW

ianu

bridge

analogical pl. ieny.; coll. pl. likely ianwath, given the archaic form ianw (which is the form listed in the Etymologies)

rhavan

wild man

(?i thravan or ?i ravan – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). – The following terms apparently apply to ”men” of any speaking race:

tadol

double

(lenited dadol, analogical pl. dedyl)

thalion

dauntless man

(hero), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”. 

thinna

grow toward evening

(fade).

thîn

evening

†*thîn (no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. thíniath). The form cited in LR:392 s.v. __ is not marked as containing a long vowel (“thin”).

thîn

evening

(no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. thíniath). The form cited in LR:392 s.v. THIN is not marked as containing a long vowel (“thin”).

tinnu

starlit evening

(i** dinnu, o thinnu) (dusk, twilight, early night without a moon), pl. tinny (i** thynny) if there is a pl. Verb

vëa

adult, manly, vigorous

vëa (2) adj. "adult, manly, vigorous" (WEG)

alanwa

fully grown, adult, mature

olinwa

fully grown, adult

vestaracië

noun. adultery, (lit.) marriage-breaking

úpuhtië

noun. adultery

olanwa

adjective. fully grown, adult, mature

herunúmen

masculine name. Lord of the West

Tar-Herunúmen was the (somewhat heretical) Quenya name of the 20th ruler of Númenor, more commonly known by his Adûnaic name Ad. Ar-Adûnakhôr (S/267). His name is a compound of heru “lord” and númen “west”.

Conceptual Development: In the unfinished stories “The Lost Road” and “Notion Club Papers” from the 1930s and 40s, Tolkien used the term ᴹQ. Herunúmen to refer to the Valar as Lords of the West (LR/47, SD/310). Its use as a name of Adûnakhôr did not occur until The Lord of the Rings appendices were written (PM/164, note #11).

nér

man

nér (1) (ner-, as in pl. neri) noun "man" (adult male elf, mortal, or of other speaking race) (MR:213, VT49:17, DER, NDER, NI1, VT45:9; see also WJ:393)

attëa

ordinal. second

andúnë

place name. The West

A name for the Uttermost West as a region, appearing in the Namárië poem (LotR/377). It is simply andúnë “sunset, west” used as a proper name.

atatya

double

atatya vb? adj.? "double" (VT42:26)

atatya

adjective. double

attëa

second

attëa ordinal "second", replacing the archaic form tatya (VT42:25)

atwa

double

atwa adj. "double" (AT(AT) )

atya

second

#atya (1) adj. "second" in Atyarussa "Second russa" (VT41:10)

atya

ordinal. second

lér

man

**lér noun "man" (NI1; hypothetical Q form of PQ dēr; the form actually used in Quenya was nér)

neuna

second

neuna adj. "second" (NDEW)

nér

noun. man

númen

west, the way of the sunset

númen noun "west, the way of the sunset" (SA:andúnë, cf. NDŪ, MEN; capitalized Númen under SA:men and in CO), "going down, occudent" (Letters:361), also name of tengwa #17 _(Appendix E). _According to VT45:38, the word is actually cited as "nú-men" in Tolkien's Etymologies manuscript. Allative númenna "Westward" (LR:47, SD:310, VT49:20, capitalized Númenna, VT49:22; numenna with a short u, VT49:23); adj. númenquerna "turned westward" (VT49:18, 20). See also númenyaron, númessier. - In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, "nú-men" was intended as the name of tengwa #21, to which letter Tolkien at this stage assigned the value n (VT45:38). However, this tengwa was later given the Quenya value r instead and was renamed órë.

númë

noun. west

sinyë

evening

sinyë (þ) noun "evening" (THIN)

tanta

double

tanta (2) (prob. adj.) "double" (TATA)

tatya

second

tatya archaic ordinal "second". Nominal pl. Tatyar "Seconds, Second Ones", the original name of the Noldor as the Second Clan of the Elves (or rather the direct Quenya descendant of the original name, which was probably Tatjāi). (WJ:380) Later, tatya as an ordinal was replaced by attëa (VT42:25).

tatya

ordinal. second

vinyë

evening

[vinyë noun "evening" (VT46:21)]

vëo

man

†vëo noun "man" (WEG; etymologically connected to vëa "manly, vigorous"; the more neutral word for "man" is nér. According to VT46:21, Tolkien indicated that vëo is an archaic or poetic word.) Tolkien at a later point defined the word as "living creature" (PE17:189). Cf. variant wëo, q.v.

yaltë

bridge

yaltë noun "bridge" (GL:37); rather yanta in Tolkien's later Quenya

yanta

bridge

yanta noun "bridge", also name of tengwa #35 (Appendix E); in the Etymologies, yanta is defined as "yoke" (YAT)

yanta

noun. bridge

yanwë

bridge, joining, isthmus

yanwë noun "bridge, joining, isthmus" (YAT, "joining", VT49:45, 46), changed by Tolkien from yanwa (VT46:22, VT49:34)

adūnāim azūlada

The Adunai (Men of W.) eastward

The first draft of the 8th phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/312), which is essentially a different sentence from the final version. The first word Adūnāim is the subjective plural of Adûnâ “Númenórean”. The second word, azūlada “eastwards” is the same as in the final version: a composition of azûl “east” and the suffix -ada “(to)wards”.

adûn

noun. west, westward

A noun meaning “west(ward)” (SD/435, PE17/18). Tolkien stated that was “a loan word from Eldarin speech in the language of the Folk of Hador, from which Númenórean was later derived” (PE17/18). Probably it is derived from S. dûn “west”, as suggested by several authors (AAD/9, EotAL/NDU). Tolkien stated that it was an adjective and its proper noun form was adûni (SD/435), but adûn was used as a noun in phrases such as Bârîm an-adûn “Lords of the West” (SD/247).

adûni

noun. the West

According to Tolkien, this is the proper noun form of the adjective adûn “west” (SD/435), though adûn is used as a noun in some examples as well.

adûnâ

noun. Númenórean, (lit.) Westerner

The Adûnaic word for the Númenóreans themselves, clearly related to adûn “west” (PE17/18, SD/240). It is attested only in plural forms Adûnâi (normal plural) and Adûnâim (subjective plural). The final vowel of its singular form must be a long â; if it were short, its plural form would be ✱✱Adûnî instead of the attested Adûnâi.

adûnakhôr

masculine name. Lord of the West

Son of Ar-Abattârik and the 20th ruler of Númenor, whose Quenya name was Herunúmen. In both languages, his name (somewhat heretically) means “Lord of the West” (LotR/1036, S/267). Its first element adûn means “west”, which implies that its second element means “lord”, but it isn’t clear whether this element is ✱akhôr or ✱khôr. I think that khôr is more likely, because it resembles the Primitive Elvish root √KHER “rule, govern, possess”, to which it may be related.

adûn izindi batân tâidô ayadda

[the] road west once went straight, (lit.) west straight road once went

The 11th phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247), whose word order varied considerably in the different drafts of the text. The first two words are the adjectives adûn “west” and izindi “straight, right, true”. They modify the subject batân “road, path, way”, which is in the normal-case rather than the subjective. This is consistent with the grammatical rules of Lowdham’s Report, since the verb ayadda has a pronominal suffix a- “✱it” (SD/429).

The fourth word is an adverb tâidô “once, then”. The verb form yadda seems to be the past tense of #yad- “to go”, functioning here as a pluperfect (see SD/439). This makes sense in the narrative, since this sentence describes the previous state (the road west going straight to Valinor) while the next sentence uses the aorist tense to describe the current state (all roads being bent around the now-round world).

Tolkien’s glosses match the word order of the Adûnaic sentence: “west straight road once went”. This might be rendered in more ordinary English as “[the] road west once went straight”.

The previous (second draft) version of this sentence had more differences from the final version than any other sentence in the second draft (SD/312). It had a different word order, with the adjective izindi “straight” appearing directly before the verb, perhaps functioning as an adverb. It has ēluk instead of tâidô and the verb form yadda is missing the pronominal prefix a-. Unfortunately, Christopher Tolkien did not publish the English glosses for this sentence, so it is hard to decipher the meaning (if any) of these differences.

adūn batān akhaini ezendi

West road lay straight

The first draft of the 11th phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/312). It resembles the final version, but is missing the adverb tâidô and has the verb khay- “to lie” instead of yad- “to go”.

The first two words adūn “west” and batān “road” are the same as in the final version. The verb form akhaini “lay” seems to be the draft-perfect tense of the verb #khay- “to lie”. The word ezendi “straight” (instead of later izindi) appears at the end, perhaps functioning as an adverb.

adûnayân

noun. language of Númenor

The language of Númenor, appearing in a 1965 document first published in Nature of Middle-earth in 2021 (NM/323). Prior to that point, various hypothetical words have been proposed for this language’s name, such as ✱Adûnaiyê (Andreas Moehn, EotAL), ✱Adûnâyê (Thorsten Renk, NBA/1), and Adûnâiyê (my own invention), modelled after Nimriyê “Elvish”.

Adûnaic

Adûnaic

Adûnaic is an Anglicized name of the language.

dîr

noun. man, adult male; agental suffix

dîr

noun. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race)

annûn

noun. west, sunset

annûn

noun. west

benn

noun. man, male

dûn

noun. west

dûn

noun. west

forodrim

noun. Northmen

forodwaith

noun. Northmen

forodwaith

noun. the lands of the North

forodweith

noun. Northmen

forodweith

noun. the lands of the North

gala-

verb. to grow

gwîn

noun. evening

iant

noun. bridge

ianw

noun. bridge

@@@ invalid in Sindarin since in this combination voiced stops became spirants after vowels

tadol

ordinal. double

tadol

adjective. double

thîn

noun. evening

thîn

noun. evening

ndē̆r

noun. man

atatya

adjective. double

tatya

ordinal. second

beorn

noun. man

The shift of e to eo is strange and has no direct parallels, but compare eo from i in meord "fine rain" (< primitive mizdê). Normally final -ô becomes -â in Nandorin (see golda), but here it is simply lost instead of producing *beorna. C.f. meord the other word where we might have expected to see a final -a (in that case from -ê); it may be that final vowels are lost in words that would otherwise come to have more than two syllables. - The shift of primitive s to r in besnô > beorn may be ascribed primarily to the blending with ber(n)ô, but r from z is seen in meord < mizdê; perhaps the s of besnô first became z and then r. Such developments are common in Quenya.