ava-

prefix. negation (refusing or forbidden)

ava-

without

ava- (3) prefix "without" (AR2, AWA). In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" (q.v.)

ava-

not to be said, that must not be said

ava- (2) prefix indicating something forbidden: avaquétima "not to be said, that must not be said", avanyárima "not to be told or related" (WJ:370)

ava-

was not

ava- (4) vb with pa.t. avanë. This verb is not clearly glossed; apparently meaning refuse or prohibit(WJ:370). Cf. áva, Avamanyar. What is seems to be more or less the same verb has its principal tenses listed (with the ending -n "I") in VT49:13: aorist avan, present ávan (ávëan), future auvan for older avuvan, past avanen or auvan, perfect avávien. In one version of the paradigm, the present tense ávëan and past avanen are marked as archaic/poetic forms. One text seemingly uses the pa.t. aunë in the sense "was not", as a negative verb, but this may have been a short-lived idea of Tolkiens (the text was revised).

ava-

verb. refuse, forbid

ava

outside, beyond

ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)

ava

interjection. strong or curt refusal

ava

adverb/adjective. *outer, [ᴹQ.] outside, beyond; outer, exterior

A word that is an element in Avallónë “Outer Isle” (S/260). ᴹQ. ava was glossed “outside, beyond” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under from the root ᴹ√AWA “away, forth; out” (Ety/AWA), and it was glossed “outer, exterior” in notes on the Ambarkanta from the early 1930s (SM/241). Give its root, it likely means “outer” in the sense “further away”.

ala-

not

ala- (2) negative prefix "not", "un-", reduced to al- before a vowel (VT42:33, GALA, VT45:25), though the example Alcorin would suggest that al- can sometimes appear before a consonant as well. In a deleted entry in Etym, al(a)- was defined as "not" and said to be a "pure negative" (VT45:5). In alahasta, Alamanyar, alasaila, Alcorin.

vá-

prefix. negation (refusing or forbidden)

-enca

without, -less

-enca suffix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. nec-, q.v.

ala

not

ala, #ála (1) imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition (VT43:22; see lá #1). Also with 1st person suffix -lyë (alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8) and 1st person pl. object suffix -më (alamë and álamë, "do not [do something to] us", as in álamë tulya, "do not lead us", VT43:12, 22). In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, #ála.

ar-

outside

ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.

ara

outside, beside, besides

ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)

au-

without

au- (3) privative prefix, = "without" (AWA)

auta-

verb. go away, leave

auta- (1) vb. "go away, leave" (leave the point of the speaker's thought); old "strong" past tense anwë, usually replaced by vánë, perfect avánië but when the meaning is purely physical "went away (to another place)" rather than "disappear", the past tense oantë, perfect oantië was used. Past participle vanwa "gone, lost, no longer to be had, vanished, departed, dead, past and over" (WJ:366)

auta-

verb. go away

auta-

verb. to possess, own, keep

avaquet-

verb. refuse, forbid

avaquet- ("q")vb. "refuse, forbid" (KWET)

avaquétima

not to be said, that must not be said

avaquétima adj. "not to be said, that must not be said" (WJ:370)

etsë

outside, exterior

etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)

ettë

outside

ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)

latya-

verb. to open anything (so as to allow entry)

latya- (2) vb. "to open anything (so as to allow entry)" (PE17:159). Cf. the negated form avalatya *"un-open" = to "close"? (VT41:6). See ava- #3.

lenweta-

verb. go away, migrate, leave ones abode

lenweta- vb. "go away, migrate, leave ones abode", pa.t. lenwentë (PE17:51)

nec-

without, -less

nec- prefix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. -enca, q.v.

nec-

prefix. without

pen

without, not having

[pen prep. "without, not having" (PE17:171). Cf. Ú #1.]

öa-

verb. to possess, own, keep

A verb Tolkien coined in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) written in 1969 (PE22/155-156) to have the meaning “possess, own, keep (have in hand, use or with one)” (PE22/151). It was derived from the root √AW, apparently not in its usual sense “away”. Tolkien considered two base forms: auta- with pasts au̯ante, oante, vante, or oa- with past aune, future auva, and alternate present āva. Since auta- clashes with better known auta- “depart”, I recommended using oa- “possess, own, keep” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

ú

particle. not

ú

without, destitute of

ú (1) adv. and prep. "without, destitute of" (VT39:14). Usually followed by genitive: ú calo "without light" (cala). In one source, ú is seemingly also used as a negative verb "was not" (VT49:13), but Tolkien revised the text in question.

úva

will not

úva (1) vb. "will not", future tense of a negative verb (present/aorist tense úyë?) in Fíriel's Song. Compare #úva as the future tense of the negative verb ua- (q.v.) in a later source (PE17:144, where the verb is cited with a 1st person sg. ending: úvan).