ava- (2) prefix indicating something forbidden: avaquétima "not to be said, that must not be said", avanyárima "not to be told or related" (WJ:370)
Quenya
ava-
without
ava-
not to be said, that must not be said
ava-
was not
ava- (4) vb with pa.t. avanë. This verb is not clearly glossed; apparently meaning refuse or prohibit(WJ:370). Cf. áva, Avamanyar. What is seems to be more or less the same verb has its principal tenses listed (with the ending -n "I") in VT49:13: aorist avan, present ávan (ávëan), future auvan for older avuvan, past avanen or auvan, perfect avávien. In one version of the paradigm, the present tense ávëan and past avanen are marked as archaic/poetic forms. One text seemingly uses the pa.t. aunë in the sense "was not", as a negative verb, but this may have been a short-lived idea of Tolkiens (the text was revised).
ava-
verb. refuse, forbid
ava-
verb. to refuse, forbid
Cognates
- S. ava- “will not, do not”
Derivations
- √BĀ/ABA “refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), [ᴹ√] deny; away, go away, depart” ✧ PE22/162; PE22/164; VT49/13
- ✶aba- “refuse, forbid” ✧ PE22/163; WJ/370
- √BĀ/ABA “refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), [ᴹ√] deny; away, go away, depart” ✧ PE22/163; WJ/370
Element in
- ᴺQ. avanev- “to avoid, (lit.) refuse to face”
- Q. Avar “Refuser, Elf who did not journey to Aman”
- Q. epetai i hyarma ú ten ulca símaryassen “consequently the left hand was not to them evil in their imaginations” ✧ VT49/13
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √ABA > avan [aban] > [aβan] > [avan] ✧ PE22/162 ✶aba- > ava- [aba-] > [aβa-] > [ava-] ✧ PE22/163 √ABA > avan [aban] > [aβan] > [avan] ✧ PE22/164 √ABA > ava- [aba-] > [aβa-] > [ava-] ✧ VT49/13 ✶aba- > ava- [aba-] > [aβa-] > [ava-] ✧ WJ/370 Variations
- ava- ✧ PE22/163; PE22/167; VT49/13; WJ/370
- ava ✧ PE22/166
ava-
prefix. negation (refusing or forbidden)
Cognates
- T. aba- “not” ✧ WJ/370
Derivations
- √BĀ/ABA “refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), [ᴹ√] deny; away, go away, depart” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/370
Element in
- Q. avalatya- “to close, shut”
- Q. avalerya- “to restrain, to deprive of liberty”
- Q. Avamanyar “Elves who would not go to Aman” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/370
- ᴺQ. avamat- “to fast, (lit.) refuse to eat”
- Q. avanir “unwill”
- Q. avanyárima “unspeakable, what one must not tell, not to be told or related” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/370
- Q. avaquétima “not to be said, that must not be said” ✧ WJ/370
- ᴺQ. avanut- “to untie”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √ABA > ava [aba] > [aβa] > [ava] ✧ PE17/143 √ABA > ava- [aba] > [aβa] > [ava] ✧ WJ/370 Variations
- ava ✧ PE17/143
- vá- ✧ PE17/143
- ava- ✧ WJ/370
vá-
prefix. negation (refusing or forbidden)
avaquet-
refuse, forbid
avaquet- ("q")vb. "refuse, forbid" (KWET)
latya-
to open anything (so as to allow entry)
latya- (2) vb. "to open anything (so as to allow entry)" (PE17:159). Cf. the negated form avalatya *"un-open" = to "close"? (VT41:6). See ava- #3.
au-
without
au- (3) privative prefix, = "without" (AWA)
úva
will not
úva (1) vb. "will not", future tense of a negative verb (present/aorist tense úyë?) in Fíriel's Song. Compare #úva as the future tense of the negative verb ua- (q.v.) in a later source (PE17:144, where the verb is cited with a 1st person sg. ending: úvan).
avaquétima
not to be said, that must not be said
avaquétima adj. "not to be said, that must not be said" (WJ:370)
nec-
without, -less
nec- prefix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. -enca, q.v.
nec-
prefix. without
Derivations
- √NEK “divide, separate, part; deprive” ✧ PE17/167
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √NEK > nec- [nek-] ✧ PE17/167
-enca
without, -less
-enca suffix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. nec-, q.v.
pen
without, not having
[pen prep. "without, not having" (PE17:171). Cf. Ú #1.]
ú
without, destitute of
ú (1) adv. and prep. "without, destitute of" (VT39:14). Usually followed by genitive: ú calo "without light" (cala). In one source, ú is seemingly also used as a negative verb "was not" (VT49:13), but Tolkien revised the text in question.
ava- (3) prefix "without" (AR2, AWA). In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" (q.v.)