com

adjective. bellied

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2019 specifically for Eldamo, the Sindarin equivalent of ᴹQ. kumba “bellied”, where the vowel o is the result of a-affection.

go-

prefix. together, co-, com-

The Sindarin suffix go- “together” was established early in Tolkien’s life. It was derived from √WO and had a variant gwa- depending on ancient patterns of stress, since ancient wo > wa > gwa when stressed but when unstressed wo > gwo > go (WJ/367-368). The go-variant is the normal form, and gwa- survived only in a few two-syllable words such as gwanon “twin = ✱together-born”.

Conceptual Development: The go-/gwa- variation dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, but in that document the primitive form was ᴱ✶ŋu̯a which become go- when unstressed (GL/40). The derivation of N. go- from ᴹ√WŌ was introduced in The Etymologies of the 1930s which when stressed produced gwa-, but this gwa-variant was already limited to old formations in the 1930s (Ety/WŌ).

gwa-

prefix. together, co-, com-

cova-

verb. come together

_ v. _come together, meet. _cova _come together, meet << cova(d) bring.

penna-

verb. come donw in a slant

v. come donw in a slant, fall. Q. weak v. penda- slope, incline.

conui

adjective. commanding, (?) ruling

thang

noun. compulsion, duress, need, oppression

tolo

verb. come!

dandol-

verb. to return, come back

A Sindarin verb for “return, come back”, a combination of dan “back” and tol- “come”, appearing in notes from around 1959 (PE17/166).

tol-

verb. to come

The basic Sindarin verb for “to come”, well attested from the 1930s-1960s and derived from the root √TUL of similar meaning (Ety/TUL; PE17/166; PE22/168; VT44/25). The Sindarin o was the result of the usual sound change whereby [[s|short [u] became [o]]] in Sindarin’s phonetic development.

Conceptual Development: A verb G. tul- appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, but there its meaning was “(1) bring; (2) come to” (GL/71), and in one place Tolkien said its original meaning was “to support” (GL/69). This is in keeping with the broader meaning of the early root ᴱ√TULU, which was glossed “fetch, bear, bring; move, come; (originally) uphold, support, bear, carry” (QL/95).

edra-

verb. to open (out), to open (out), *come out

A verb for “open” in the phrase annon edhellen, edro hi ammen “Elvish gate open now for us” (LotR/307), also mentioned in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√ETER “open, come out (of flowers, sun, etc.)” (Ety/ETER). In notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien glossed it as “open (out)”, specified that it was intransitive, and derived it from primitive ✶etr- while saying it was related to ✶et “out” (PE17/45).

Neo-Sindarin: This verb probably originally meant something like “to out [oneself] = to come out”, and I think that sense may remain viable based on the 1930s gloss of its root: Anor edras “the sun came out [from behind the clouds]”. For transitive “open” I would use [N.] panna-: panno i annon “open the gate”.

govan-

verb. to come to same place

v. to come to same place, meet. >> govannen

penna-

verb. to come down (in a slant), fall

A word appearing in the phrase silivren penna míriel within the A Elbereth Gilthoniel prayer from The Lord of the Rings (LotR/238). In The Road Goes Ever On (RGEO) from 1967, Tolkien loosely translated this phrase as “from glittering crystal slanting falls with light like jewels” and more exactly as “(white) glittering slants-down sparkling like jewels” (RGEO/63-64). In various private notes, Tolkien specified that penna- was a verb meaning “come down” or “come down in a slant, fall” derived from the root √PED “fall in steep slant, incline, slope” (PE17/24, 173).

cova-

verb. to come together, meet; to gather, assemble

govan-

verb. to meet, come to same place

pân

adjective. all, all, *complete, entire, full, the whole

@@@ extended meaning suggested on Discord 2022-03-11

rhudol

noun/adjective. unwelcome, coming with evil omen or intent

ar-

prefix. without; by; **beside, [N.] outside; [S.] without; by, beside, [G.] along with, compared with

gwa-

prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)

mab-

noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)

mâb

noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)

gwa

co-, com

(together)

pant

complete

pant (lenited bant; pl. paint) (full, whole); COMPLETELY, see

tenu

noun. compass

A neologism for “compass” coined by EruannoVG and Vyacheslav Stepanov, posted on 2024-08-06 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) as a combination of √TEN “direction” and ✶-mā “thing”.

tol

come

tol- (i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254). MAKE COME, see FETCH

covas

noun. community

gorchanui

adjective. complicated, enigmatic, cryptic, hard to understand

govod

noun. companionship, living together; community, fellowship, *(orig.) eating-together

nornad

noun. complaint

toled

noun. coming, arrival

tolol

adjective. coming, approaching

conui

adjective. commanding

conui

commanding

(lenited gonui, no distinct pl. form).

gowest

compact

1) gowest (i **owest) (contract, treaty), pl. gewist (i ngewist = i ñewist). Archaic pl. göwist. 2) gwaedh (i **waedh) (bond, troth, oath), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaedh)

gowest

compact

(i ’owest) (contract, treaty), pl. gewist (i ngewist =  i ñewist). Archaic pl. göwist.

gwaedh

compact

(i ’waedh) (bond, troth, oath), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaedh)

pant

complete

(lenited bant; pl. paint) (full, whole);

partha

compose

partha- (i bartha, i pharthar) (arrange)

partha

compose

(i bartha, i pharthar) (arrange)

thang

compulsion

thang (duress, need, oppression, tyranny), pl. theng if there is a pl.

thang

compulsion

(duress, need, oppression, tyranny), pl. theng if there is a pl.

tol

come

(i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254).

ethol-

verb. to come forth, come out

A neologism coined by Rínor posted on 2024-09-08 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of ed “out” and tol- “come”, equivalent to ᴹQ. ettul-.

ola-

verb. to become

A neologism for “to become” coined by Paul Strack in 2023 specifically for Eldamo, the Sindarin derivative of ✶olā- from the early 1950s of the same meaning. Fiona Jallings proposed ᴺS. ol- instead based on late 1940s verb ᴹQ. ol- “become”, but I prefer to use ᴺS. ol- < √UL for “to pour”.

ostol-

verb. to circumnavigate, come around

A neologism coined by Fiona Jallings, a combination of ᴹ√OS “round, about” and S. tol- “come”.

athraweth-

verb. to communicate, (lit.) inform to and fro

A neologism coined by Luinyelle posted on 2024-05-14 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of athra- “cross (to and fro)” and gweth- “report”.

echuira-

verb. to come to life

echuiru-

verb. to come to life

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo, the Sindarin equivalent of Quenya u-verb [ᴹQ.] (ek)koiru-. However, while it is likely Sindarin also has u-verbs, we currently have no idea how they are inflected. Elaran suggested using ᴺS. echuira- instead to avoid the question of Sindarin u-verb inflections.

norna-

verb. to complain of, bewail, lament

ol-

verb. to become

partha-

verb. to arrange, compose

bída-

verb. to compare, liken

caetha-

verb. to make to do or be, cause, compel, induce, bring about

cranna-

verb. to accomplish, finish, complete, [G.] achieve

cruith

noun. colour, complexion, appearance

dertha-

verb. to complicate, (lit.) make difficult

A neologism coined by Echuidor posted on 2024-08-10 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a causative verb derived from √DER “difficult”.

heria

be compelled to do something

(i cheria, i cheriar) (have an impulse, begin suddenly and vigorously, set vigorously out to do) (VT45:22)

horn

driven under compulsion

(impelled), lenited chorn; pl. hyrn

lúda-

verb. to pass (of time); to come to pass, occur, *happen

nuitha

prevent from coming to completion

(i nuitha, in nuithar) (stunt; stop short; not allow to continue) (WJ:413)

panna-

verb. to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book, to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; *to compose

rin-

verb. to revolve, return, come back; to do again

senu

adjective. usual, *ordinary, common

@@@ 2024-08-12

taid

second-in-command

(i daid, o thaid), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaid). The word is also used as adj. ”supporting”.

tolcha-

verb. to support, *steady, comfort; to make firm, confirm

mâb

noun. hand, hand, [N.] grasp

The typical Sindarin word for “hand” (VT47/7, 20), usable in almost any context. It is most notable as an element in the name Mablung “Heavy Hand” (VT47/8). See below for a discussion of its etymology.

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where G. mab “hand” appeared as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√MAPA “seize” (GL/55). Tolkien then revised the gloss to “hands”, saying instead it was an irregular dual of G. mô “hand”. The word reverted to singular ᴱN. mab “hand” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/149). These early versions of the word were already an element of Mablung “Heavy Hand(ed)” (LT2/38; LB/311), but also of Ermabwed “One-handed” (LT2/34; LB/119).

In the 1930s it seems Tolkien decided Ilk. mâb “hand” was primarily an Ilkorin word, and the usual word for “hand” in Noldorin was N. cam. Compare Ilkorin Ermabuin “One-handed” and Mablosgen “Empty-handed” with Noldorin Erchamion and Camlost of the same meaning. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien had N. mab “grasp” under the root ᴹ√MAPA “seize”, but the version of the entry with that word was overwritten (EtyAC/MAP), leaving only the Ilkorin form mâb. In this period, Mablung may also have been an Ilkorin name.

After Tolkien abandoned Ilkorin in the 1950s, he kept S. Erchamion and Camlost based on cam, but also kept Mablung “Heavy Hand” which must have become Sindarin. In his later writings Tolkien again revisited the etymology of S. mâb “hand”. In a note from Jan-Feb 1968, he wrote:

> It [Q. má = “hand”] did not survive in Telerin and Sindarin as an independent word, but was replaced by the similar-sounding but unconnected C.E. makwā, Q. maqua, T. mapa, S. mab, of uncertain origin, but probably originally an adjectival formation from MAK “strike” ... (VT47/19).

This sentence was struck through, however. In drafts of notes on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals written in or after 1968, Tolkien again derived mâb from √MAP (VT47/20 note #13), but in the final version of these notes he made the remarkable decision to discard this root despite it being a stable part of Elvish for nearly 50 years, declaring it was used only in Telerin and not Quenya or Sindarin (VT47/7). He coined a new etymology for S. mâb “hand” based on ✶makwā “handful” = ✶mā + ✶kwā (VT47/6-7), a variation on the above etymology from √MAK.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I prefer to ignore Tolkien’s 1968 removal of √MAP “seize”, and so would continue to derive S. mâb “hand” from that root. However, its ancient meaning may have been “✱grasp”, and its eventual use as “hand” might have been influenced by ancient ✶makwā “handful”.

cova-

verb. gather

weak intr. v. gather, assemble, come to same place, meet. mae-govannen 'well met'. This gloss was rejected.

dadwen

verb. return

_v. _return, going/coming back. Q. nanwen-. >> damen

falathren

proper name. Shore-language

In the drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices, a Late Noldorin [Sindarin] name for the common tongue spoken along the shores of western Middle-earth that would eventually develop into Westron (PM/32). This name is most likely a combination of falas “shore” and the adjective suffix -ren, after undergoing the phonetic change: [[s|medial [s] became [θ] before [l], [r]]].

Conceptual Development: The word N. Falathren also appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s, but there it was an adjective referring to the region or Elvish folk of the Falas (Ety/PHAL). Their dialect of Ilkorin was called Falathrin (LR/170), of which a few examples appeared: Fal. Ariad(or) (Ety/AR²) and Fal. galbreth (Ety/BERÉTH).

maw

noun. hand

The Sindarin equivalent of Q. má, likewise derived from the root √MAH or √MAƷ “hand; handle, wield” (PE17/162; VT47/6). However, in Sindarin this word was archaic, used only in poetry, having been replaced in ordinary speech by other words like S. mâb and (less often) cam. Other remnants of this word can be seen in compounds like molif “wrist, (orig.) hand link” and directional words like forvo and harvo for left and right hand side.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. mô from the early root ᴱ√MAHA was the normal word for “hand”, replacing mab “hand” (< ᴱ√MAHA) which in this document Tolkien decided was instead an irregular dual form of mô (GL/55). It had also had an irregular plural mabin based on this dual, replacing an older plural †maith. In the Gnomish Grammar, its archaic form was †mâ, with the usual Gnomish sound change of ā to ō (GG/14), as opposed to later Sindarin/Noldorin ā to au, spelt -aw when final. Tolkien seems to have abandoned mô as a non-archaic word for “hand” early on, preferring ᴱN. mab “hand” by the 1920s and introducing N. cam “hand” in the 1930s.

go

together

(prefix) go-, gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).

go

together

gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).

gowest

contract

gowest (i **owest) (compact, treaty), pl. gewist (i ngewist = i ñewist). Archaic pl. göwist**.

gowest

contract

(i ’owest) (compact, treaty), pl. gewist (i ngewist =  i ñewist). Archaic pl. göwist.

gwaedh

bond

1) (a ”bond” of loyalty) gwaedh (i **waedh) (troth, compact, oath), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaedh**), 2) _(apparently referring to physical ”bonds”, cf.

gwaedh

bond

(i ’waedh)  (troth, compact, oath), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaedh)

pant

whole

pant (lenited bant; pl. paint) (complete, full)

pant

whole

(lenited bant; pl. paint) (complete, full)

partha

arrange

partha- (i bartha, i pharthar) (compose)

partha

arrange

(i bartha, i pharthar) (compose)

toltha

fetch

(make come) toltha- (i doltha, i tholthar)

crui

noun. colour

sein

adjective. usual

@@@ should perhaps be sain

aphad-

verb. to follow

In WJ/387, the verbal stem is given as aphad-, and the etymology as *ap-pata. If we follow the latter, the verb should perhaps read aphada-

cam

noun. hand

camm

noun. hand

cuia-

verb. to live

damen

verb. return

_ v. _return. Q. nanwen-. >> dan-

damen-

verb. to return

edra-

verb. to open

edra-

verb. open

_ v. _open (out). >> edro

edro

verb. open!

go-

together

_pref. _together. Q. o-.

govad-

verb. to meet

laden

adjective. open, cleared

lhîw

noun. sickness

maeron

noun. artist

_ n. _artist. It usually, but not necessarily, implied a poet. Q. maitar.

maeron

noun. artist

A noun in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957, the Sindarin equivalent of maitar “artist” (PE17/163). See the Quenya entry for further details.

maw

noun. hand

mellon

noun. friend

mellon

noun. friend

_ n. _friend. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. 

mellon

noun. friend

men-

verb. to go

The basic Sindarin verb for “go”, derived from the root √MEN (PE17/143). Its archaic past form emēnē was discussed in notes from around 1965 (PE17/93); its modern past would be ✱evín. It also appeared in its gerund form in the sentence niðin mened “I have a mind to go, I intend to go” in notes from 1969 (PE22/165).

naergon

noun. woeful lament

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.

od

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

panna-

verb. to fill

pen

preposition. without, lacking, -less

pen-

without

(ben-) _ pref. _without,**less. pen-adar 'fatherless'. >> ben-, ú-

pân

adjective. all, in totality

As no other word beginning in ph- is attested, it is assumed that a nasal mutation is triggered by the pronoun în.1 , hence the form observed in the "King's Letter"

raeda-

verb. to catch in a net

aphada

follow

(i aphada, in aphadar) (WJ:387)  

aphada

follow

aphada- (i aphada, in aphadar) (WJ:387)

aphadon

follower

(pl. Ephedyn, coll. pl. Aphadrim) (WJ:387). Also echil (no distinct pl. form); coll. pl. ?echillath

ar

without

(adv. prefix) ar- (outside)

ar

without

(outside)

bad

go

#bad- (i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.

bad

go

(i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.

byr

follower

). No distinct pl. form except with article (i mŷr). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” bior, beor.

cael

sickness

(i gael, o chael) (lying in bed). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael)

cam

hand

1) cam (i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath; 2) mâb (i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib). 3) Archaic †maw (i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6) 4) (fist) dond (i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).

cam

hand

(i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath

camlann

of the hand

(i gamlann, o chamlann), pl. cemlain (i chemlain).

coron

ball

coron (i goron, o choron) (globe, mound), pl. ceryn (i cheryn)

coron

ball

(i goron, o choron) (globe, mound), pl. ceryn (i cheryn)

crûm

left hand

(i grûm, o chrûm, construct crum), pl. cruim (i chruim), coll. pl. crummath. Also ✱hair (i chair), no distinct pl. form (not even with article). Note: hair is also used = ”left” as adjective. Cited in archaic form heir (LR:365 s.v. KHYAR).

cuia

live

(i guia, i chuia; the attested form is the imperative cuio). Also cuina (i guina, i chuinar).

dond

hand

(i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).

edra

open

(verb) 1) *edra- (i edra, in edrar), only attested in imperative form edro. 2) panna- (i banna, i phannar) (enlarge). Note: a homophone means ”fill”.

edra

open

(i edra, in edrar), only attested in imperative form edro.

forgam

right-handed

(pl. fergaim, for archaic förgeim)

fuir

right hand

pl. fŷr. Also used as adj. "right, north" (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR).

gad

catch

(i ’âd, i ngedir = i ñedir), pa.t. gant;

godref

through together

(AI:92)

govad

meet

*govad- (i **ovad, i ngevedir = i ñevedir), pa.t. govant, past participle govannen** ”met”. (The latter is the only attested form.)

govad

meet

(i ’ovad, i ngevedir = i ñevedir), pa.t. govant, past participle govannen ”met”. (The latter is the only attested form.)

gwêdh

chain

(i ’wêdh, construct gwedh), pl. gwîdh (in gwîdh), 3) (ditto) nûd (construct nud, pl. nuid). 4) (the ”bond” of friendship) gwend (i ’wend, construct gwen) (friendship), pl. gwind (in gwind), coll. pl. gwennath. Note: a homophone means ”maiden”.

henia

understand

henia- (i chenia, i cheniar)

henia

understand

(i chenia, i cheniar)

hol

close

#hol- (i chôl, i chelir), pa.t. perhaps holl as suggested by the passive participle hollen ”closed” (the only attested form of this verb). Conceivably, hollen in the source could be a lenited form of sollen, in which case this verb should begin in s- rather than h- when not mutated.

hol

close

(i chôl, i chelir), pa.t. perhaps holl as suggested by the passive participle hollen ”closed” (the only attested form of this verb). Conceivably, hollen in the source could be a lenited form of sollen, in which case this verb should begin in s- rather than h- when not mutated.****

iphant

long-lived

(aged,  literally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

laden

open

(adj.) laden (plain, flat, wide, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

laden

open

(plain, flat,  wide, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

lhîw

sickness

1) *lhîw (?i thlîw or ?i lîw the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (disease), no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i lîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thliw, fliw. 2) cael (i gael, o chael) (lying in bed). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael), 3) paw (i baw), pl. poe (i phoe). various related terms (no Sindarin word simply meaning ”side” is known):

lhîw

sickness

(?i thlîw or ?i lîw – the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (disease), no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i lîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thliw, fliw.

lhîw

disease

*lhîw (?i thlîw or ?i lîw the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (sickness), no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i lîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thliw, fliw.

lhîw

disease

(?i thlîw or ?i lîw – the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (sickness), no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i lîw). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thliw, fliw.

maw

hand

(i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6) 

meldis

friend

(i veldis), no distinct pl. form except with article (i meldis), coll. pl. meldissath.

mellon

friend

1) (masc.) mellon (i vellon) (lover), pl. mellyn (i mellyn), coll. pl. mellonnath. Also meldir (i veldir), no distinct pl. form except with article (i meldir). Also seron (i heron, o seron), pl. seryn (i seryn), coll. pl. seronnath. 2) (fem.) meldis (i veldis), no distinct pl. form except with article (i meldis), coll. pl. meldissath.

mellon

friend

(i vellon) (lover), pl. mellyn (i mellyn), coll. pl. mellonnath. Also meldir (i veldir), no distinct pl. form except with article (i meldir). Also seron (i heron, o seron), pl. seryn (i seryn), coll. pl. seronnath.

mâb

hand

(i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib).

naergon

woeful lament

(pl. naergoen)

noe

lament

(noun) *noe (no distinct pl. form). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” nui.

noe

lament

(no distinct pl. form). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” nui.

o

of

(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.

panna

open

(i banna, i phannar) (enlarge). Note: a homophone means ”fill”.

parf

book

parf (i barf, o pharf), pl. perf (i pherf), coll. pl. parvath

parf

book

(i barf, o pharf), pl. perf (i pherf), coll. pl. parvath

pathra

fill

pathra- (i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.

pathra

fill

(i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.

paw

sickness

(i baw), pl. poe (i phoe).

pen

without

1) pen (lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited. 2)

pen

without

(lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited.

pân

all

(adj.) *pân, pl. pain (only attested in mutated pl. form phain, SD:128-31). Not to be confused with the noun pân ”plank”.

pân

all

pl. pain (only attested in mutated pl. form phain, SD:128-31). Not to be confused with the noun pân ”plank”.

raeda

catch in a net

(i raeda, idh raedar) (VT42:12)

toltha

fetch

(i doltha, i tholthar)

ú

without

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad *”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

ú

without

u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad ✱”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in: