hó noun "spirit, shadow" (PE17:86)
Quenya
hó
noun. hound (or ?heart)
ho
from
hó
spirit, shadow
hón
noun. heart (physical organ)
The word for the “heart” as a physical organ, as opposed to more metaphorical words like Q. órë and Q. indo. Its stem form was hom- in Tolkien’s later writings (NM/176, PE19/97).
Conceptual Development: The base word for “heart” was quite stable in Tolkien’s mind, but its exact stem form varied. It first appeared as ᴱQ. hon (hond-) “heart” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√HONO, above a longer form hondo (QL/40). It became honde “heart” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/137), but in the contemporaneous Early Noldorin Word-lists, it was londo (PE13/149, 162).
In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s it was ᴹQ. hón “heart” with stem form hom- (PE21/23), but in The Etymologies written around 1937 it was derived from the root ᴹ√KHŌ-N “heart (physical)” (Ety/KHŌ-N). In 1968 notes on gender, hón the “physical organ heart” again had a stem form hom-, and in green ink addendums to the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from around 1970, Tolkien gave the primitive form as ✶khō̆m (PE19/97 and 98 note #142). In this last note, Tolkien said it “is not the physical heart, but ‘the interior’ used of the whole range of emotions or feelings”; this seems to be the only place Tolkien indicated this word was metaphorical in nature rather than referring to the physical organ.
hón
heart
hón noun "heart" (physical) (KHŌ-N); hon-maren "heart of the house", a fire (LR:63, 73; this is "Qenya" with genitive in -en, not -o as in LotR-style Quenya read *hon-maro?)
hó-
away, from, from among
hó- verbal prefix; "away, from, from among", the point of view being outside the thing, place, or group in thought (WJ:368)
hó-
prefix. away, from, from among
hótul-
verb. to come away (to leave a place and go to another)
hócir-
verb. to cut off (so as to have or use a required portion)
hóciri-
cut off
hóciri- vb. "cut off" (cut of a required portion, so as to have it or use it) (WJ:366, 368) (Normal aorist probably *hócirë*, present/continuative tense hócíra**, past tense *hócirnë)
hópa
haven, harbour, small landlocked bay
hópa noun "haven, harbour, small landlocked bay" (KHOP)
hórë
impulse
hórë noun "impulse" (KHOR), hórëa "impulsive" _(KHOR; VT45:22 confirms that "impulsive" is the correct gloss, misread "impulsion" in the Etymologies as printed in LR)_
hó
noun. owl
hollë
noun. shout
hócilmë
noun. example, outtake, selection, representative item
hórista
noun. citation, quotation, (lit.) something cut out
hótocië
noun. tax
hú
noun. hound (or ?heart)
A Quenya word hú glossed as either “hound” or “heart” (according to Christopher Gilson) appearing in rough notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s exploring the possible origins of S. huorn (PE17/86). This was followed by an unglossed variant form Q. hó, apparently derived from khōgo. Tolkien seems to have vacillated between primitive roots √KHUG/KHOG (the former being the basis for “dog” words in The Etymologies) or √KHON (the basis for “heart” words in The Etymologies), connections that were also pointed out by Christopher Gilson.
Neo-Quenya: Giving the tenuous nature of this word, I’d stick to better defined ᴹQ. huo “dog” from The Etymologies for purposes of Neo-Quenya.
ampa
hook
ampa noun "hook", also name of tengwa #14 (GAP, Appendix E, VT47:20)
sa-rincë
hook
sa-rincë ("k"), apparently the name of the "hook" that may be attached to a tengwa letter to indicate a following s (VT46:11). If so, sa may be a name of S (as a sound).
telmë
hood, covering
telmë noun "hood, covering" (apparently emended from telma, VT46:18); ablative in the phrase telmello talmanna "from hood to base, from crown to foot, top to bottom" (TEL/TELU; the form _telmello t__e_lmanna_ occurring in the Etymologies as printed in LR is a typo, VT46:18)_
ampa
noun. hook, hook, [ᴹQ.] crook
rince
noun. hook
atsa
catch, hook, claw
atsa noun "catch, hook, claw" (GAT)
rama-
to shout
rama- vb. "to shout" (LT1:259)
rempa
crooked, hooked
rempa adj. "crooked, hooked" (REP)
au-
off, *away
au- (1) a verbal prefix "off, *away", as in auciri ("k") "cut off" (so as to get rid of or lose a portion); contrast hóciri (WJ:366, 368). Compare au as a variant of the stem awa "away from" (VT49:24) and the adverb au (see #2 below).
cópa
harbour, bay
[cópa] ("k")noun "harbour, bay" (KOP; changed to hópa, KHOP). Early "Qenya" likewise hascópa (also cópas) ("k")"harbour" (LT1:257).
elwen
heart
elwen noun "heart" (LT1:255; rather hón or enda in LotR-style Quenya)
pattal
noun. hoof
lingil
noun. hanger, hook (for clothes)
@@@ Discord 2022-08-18
axo
noun. bone
A word for “bone” appearing in the Markirya poem from the 1960s in its plural form axor (MC/222-223). It might be related (conceptually if not etymologically) to the root √AKAS “neck, ridge” (PE17/92).
Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱQ. as (ass-) bone dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/33). The locative plural of this noun assari “of bones” appeared in the Oilima Markirya poem written around 1930. The form ᴹQ. astŭ- “bone” appeared in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s (PE21/27).
Neo-Quenya: While this word could be derived from ✱aksō, I prefer to assume it is derived from ✱ᴺ✶askō with metathesis sk > ks in Quenya. This makes it more etymologically distinct from axë “neck” and also allows a (Neo) Sindarin form ᴺS. asg “bone”, since a Sindarin derivative of ✱aksō would collide with S. ach “neck”.
hanwa
noun. seat, seat, *chair
A noun in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) written in 1969, given as hanw̃a “seat” and derived from primitive ✶khadmā where dm became nm [χanmā] and then nw (PE22/148). Early iterations of this word also meant “chair”, so this word may have that meaning as well.
Conceptual Development: The earliest “seat” words were ᴱQ. sōra {“seat, throne” >>} “seat” and ᴱQ. sonda “seat, chair” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SOŘO [SOÐO] (QL/85-86). Tolkien revised the root to ᴱ√SORO (ÐORO) after which the form sonda was deleted. In the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa Tolkien had only ᴱQ. sonda “seat” (PME/86).
In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien had ᴹQ. handa “chair” under the root ᴹ√KHAD, but Tolkien revised the root to ᴹ√KHAM “sit” and the Quenya form to ᴹQ. hamma “chair” (Ety/KHAM; EtyAC/KHAM). Tolkien then introduced a new root ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon”, saying that “KHAM sit (replacing KHAD, cancelled)”, so apparently the root for “sit” reverted back to KHAD. This is supported by the 1969 “seat” word hanwa seen above.
sánë
noun. pine
In notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien had Q. {sāne >>} th-, sāne- “pine” derived from {✶stāna >>} ✶thānĭ-, but this note was deleted (PE17/81). It was replaced by a marginal note in which S. thôn “pine” was derived from ✶thŏno.
Neo-Quenya: In light of the final primitive form ✶thŏno, I would update the Quenya word to ᴺQ. sono [þ] “pine” for purposes of Neo-Quenya. Petri Tikka instead proposed ᴺQ. sónë [þ] in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s inspired only by S. thôn “pine”, before the above primitive forms were published in 2007.
Conceptual Development: The Early Qenya “pine” word was ᴱQ. aiqaire “fir or pine” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an elaboration of ᴱQ. aiqa “steep” (QL/29). It became ᴱQ. aikasse “pine-tree” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a cognate to G. aigos and derivative of primitive ᴱ✶aikasse (GL/17). This in turn became ᴱQ. aikor “pine-tree” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s, derived from ᴱ✶aikos-sa and still a cognate to G. aigos (PE13/158).
-va
from
-va possessive ending, presumably related to the preposition va "from". In Eldaliéva, Ingoldova, miruvóreva, Oroméva, rómeva, Valinóreva (q.v. for references), Follondiéva, Hyallondiéva (see under turmen for references). Following a consonant, the ending instead appears as -wa (andamacilwa "of the long sword", PE17:147, rómenwa *"of the East", PE17:59). Pl. -vë when governing a plural word (from archaic -vai) (WJ:407), but it seems that -va was used throughout in late Exilic Quenya (cf. miruvóreva governing the plural word yuldar in Namárië). Pl. -iva (-ivë*), dual -twa, partitive pl. -líva**.
fëa
spirit
fëa noun "spirit" (pl. fëar attested, MR:363). The Incarnates are said to live by necessary union of hroa (body) and fëa (WJ:405). In Airëfëa noun "the Holy Spirit", Fëanáro masc. name "Spirit of Fire" (Quenya-Sindarin hybrid form: Fëanor), Fëanturi noun "Masters of Spirits", name of the two Valar Mandos and Lórien (SA:tur), fëafelmë noun "spirit-impulse" (impulses originating with the spirit, e.g. love, pity, anger, hate) (VT41:19 cf. 13, VT43:37). In one source it is said to mean specifically a "spirit indwelling a body", i.e. "soul" (PE17:124), which contradicts such uses as Airefëa or Fëanturi. Cf. fairë.
indo
heart, mood
indo (1) noun "heart, mood" (ID), "state" (perhaps especially state of mind, given the other glosses) (VT39:23), "mind, region/range of thought, mood" (PE17:155, 179), "inner thought, in fea as exhibited in character or [?personality]" (PE17:189). In another post-LotR source, indo is translated "resolve" or "will", the state of mind leading directly to action (VT41:13). Indo is thus "the mind in its purposing faculty, the will" (VT41:17). Indo-ninya,a word occurring in Fíriels Song, translated "my heart" (see ninya). In the compound indemma "mind-picture", the first element would seem to be indo.
ló
from
ló, lo (2) prep. "from", also used = "by" introducing the agent after a passive construction: nahtana ló Turin *"slain by Túrin" (VT49:24). A similar and possibly identical form is mentioned in the Etymologies as being somehow related to the ablative ending -llo, but is not there clearly defined (VT45:28). At one point, Tolkien suggested that lo rather than the ending -llo was used with proper names (lo Manwë rather than Manwello for "from Manwë"), but this seems to have been a short-lived idea (VT49:24).
súlë
spirit, breath
súlë (þ) noun "spirit, breath", also name of tengwa #9; originally thúlë (þúlë), before the shift th > s that occurred shortly before the rebellion of the Noldor (Appendix E, THŪ). Its gloss, "blowing forth", was metaphorically used as "the emission of power (of will or desire) from a spirit" (PE17:124). If the element súlë appears in Súlimë and Súlimo (q.v.), the stem-form may seem to be súli-.
órë
heart
órë (1) noun "heart" (inner mind), also name of tengwa #21 (Appendix E), "premonition" (VT41:13), "nearest equivalent of 'heart' in our application to feelings, or emotions (courage, fear, hope, pity, etc.)" (VT41:13). The órë apparently defines a person's personality, cf. the description of Galadriel in PM:337, that "there dwelt in her the noble and generous spirit (órë) of the Vanyar". Órenya "my heart" (VT41:11).
tungwë
noun. tax
A neologism for “tax” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), perhaps derived from ✱tuk-mē based on √TUK “draw”. Fauskanger also used an agental form ᴺQ. tungwemo “tax-collector” as well ᴺQ. tungwemen “tax-office”. I’ve seen a couple other neologism for “tax”, such as ᴺQ. hótocië and ᴺQ. túrëautocië both based on the verb [ᴱQ.] toc- “appraise, tax, assess, assay”, but I adopted tungwë for “tax” early in my Quenya writings and am unwilling to give it up.
o
preposition. from
enwina
adjective. old
raica
adjective. crooked, crooked, [ᴹQ.] bent, wrong
epemma
noun. example
sono
noun. pine
túrëautocië
noun. tax
aira
old
aira (3) adj. "old" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
au
away
au (2) adv. "away", of position rather than movement (compare oa). PE17:148
axo
bone
axo noun "bone"; pl. axor in Markirya
cauca
crooked
cauca _("k")_adj. "crooked" (LT1:257; cf. #caw-)
enda
heart
enda noun "heart", but not referring to the physical organ; it literally means "centre" (cf. endë) and refers to the fëa (soul) or sáma (mind) itself. (VT39:32)
enwina
old
enwina adj. "old" (Markirya)
felmë
impulse, emotion
felmë noun "impulse, emotion" (VT41:19; this suggests a verb #fel- "to feel"). Compounded in fëafelmë, hroafelmë.
hwarin
crooked
hwarin adj. "crooked" (SKWAR)
linyenwa
old, having many years
linyenwa adj. "old, having many years" (YEN)
namma
claw, talon
namma noun "claw, talon" (also nappa) (VT47:20)
nappa
claw, talon
nappa noun "claw, talon" (also namma) (VT47:20)
raica
crooked, bent, wrong
raica ("k") adj. "crooked, bent, wrong" (RÁYAK, VT39:7), pl. raicar in LR:47 (read perhaps *raicë in LotR-style Quenya)
rincë
flourish, quick stroke
rincë ("k") (stem *rinci-, given the primitive form ¤rinki) noun "flourish, quick stroke" (RIK(H); the Etymologies as printed in LR reads "quick shake", but according to VT46:11 the correct reading is "quick stroke")
sonda
seat
sonda noun "seat" (QL:85)
sánë
pine
sánë (þ) noun "pine" (PE17:81), stem sáni- (? the primitive form is given as ¤thānĭ, which would normally give Quenya sánë/sáni-, but the Quenya noun is also cited as sáne- as if e persists before an ending).
va
from
va prep. "from" (VT43:20; prefixed in the form var- in var-úra "from evil", VT43:24). In VT49:24, va, au and o are quoted as variants of the stem awa "away from".
vilissë
spirit
vilissë noun "spirit" (GL:23)
yerna
old, worn
yerna adj. "old, worn" (GYER)
þúlë
noun. spirit
ho prep. "from" (3O); cf. hó-