Primitive elvish
lepen
root. five
Derivatives
Element in
- ✶lepenya “5th” ✧ VT42/26
Variations
- LENEP ✧ PE17/095; PE17/159; PE17/160
- lepen ✧ VT42/24; VT42/26; VT42/26
- lepem ✧ VT42/26 (lepem); VT47/16; VT47/24 (lepem); VT47/27
lepene
noun. five
Derivations
- √LEPEN “five” ✧ VT47/24
Derivatives
Element in
- ᴺQ. lempellumë “five times”
- ᴺQ. lependórë “quintillion”
Variations
- lepen ✧ PE17/095
- lepenē̆ ✧ VT47/24
lepe
noun. finger
Derivations
- √LEP “pick up/out (with the fingers); finger” ✧ VT47/10
Element in
Variations
- lepen ✧ PE21/71
- lepe- ✧ VT47/11
lepem
root. five
leper
noun. finger
Derivations
Derivatives
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶lepero > leper- [lepero] > [leper] ✧ VT47/13 ✶lepero > leper- [lepero] > [leper] ✧ VT47/24 Variations
- leper- ✧ VT47/10; VT47/24
lepero
noun. finger
Derivations
- √LEP “pick up/out (with the fingers); finger” ✧ VT47/10; VT47/24
Derivatives
lenep
root. five
√LEPEN was the most common root for “five” in Tolkien’s writings, but he explored a variety of other options. Its earliest iteration appeared in the Qenya and Gnomish lexicons as ᴱ√LEH (QL/52) or ᴱ√LEF “half” (GL/53), so I think the actual early form was ✱ᴱ√LEǶE [lexʷe]. At this early stage it had derivatives with the meanings “five”, “ten”, and “half”, but in later writings “ten” became ᴹ√KAYAN >> √KWAY(AM) and “half” became √PER.
In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root appeared as ᴹ√LEPEN “five” with variant ᴹ√LEPEK, but ᴹ√LEPEK had no derivatives (Ety/LEP). √LEPEN appeared again in a list of numbers from the late 1950s or early 1960s beside a variant √LENEP; again the variant had no clear derivatives (PE17/95). √LEPEN reappeared in numeric discussions from the late 1960s (VT42/24; VT47/10). In these late discussions Tolkien said that “five” most likely originally from ✱lepem as an ancient plural of √LEP, but it seems this became √LEPEN already in Common Eldarin (CE), given that the Sindarin word for “five” remained S. leben; Tolkien gave varying explanations for this CE sound change, either as dissimilation from p (VT47/26 note 2) or with final -m > -n being the regular phonetic development (VT47/24).