sath

root. pair

A root mentioned in passing in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s as √SATHA “pair” (PE21/74). It had no derivatives in that document, but might be connected to ᴱQ. satto “both” from the 1910s (PE14/76-77) and Ad. satta “two” from the 1940s (SD/428). In the 1950s document, Tolkien wrote in the margin “Best get rid of s, th [for duals] ?”, indicating he likely abandoned √SATHA.

Derivatives

• Ad. satta “two”
• Eq. satto “both; the two”
• Eq. satta “both”

Variations

• SATHA ✧ PE21/74

kayan

root. ten

Derivatives

• Q. quainëa “tenth” ✧ VT48/12
• Q. cëa(n) “ten” ✧ VT48/12

Element in

• Q. caista “one tenth”

Variations

• kayan ✧ VT48/12

kway

root. ten

A root Tolkien introduced in the late 1960s as the basis for his latest Elvish word for “ten”: Q. quëan/quain, S. pae, T. pai(n) (VT42/24; VT48/6). It was an extension of √KWA “complete” as in “a complete set of (10) fingers”. Prior this late change, the usual word for “ten” was ᴹQ. kainen (along with other variants beginning with kai- or kea-) from the root ᴹ√KAYAN or ᴹ√KAYAR as it appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KAYAN). This basis for “ten” dates back to the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/49, PE14/82). Tolkien was still considering √KAYAN for “10” in the late 1960s before replacing it with √KWAY(AM) (VT48/12).

Derivatives

• ✶kwayam “10” ✧ VT42/24
  • Q. quëan “ten”
  • S. pae “ten”
  • T. pai(n) “ten”

Variations

• kwaya ✧ VT42/24; VT42/24

kwayam

cardinal. 10

Derivations

• √KWAY “ten” ✧ VT42/24

Derivatives

• Q. quëan “ten”
• S. pae “ten”
• T. pai(n) “ten”

Variations

• kway-am ✧ VT42/24