Quenya 

helma

skin, fell

helma noun "skin, fell" (SKEL), changed by Tolkien from halma (VT46:14)

lom-

hide

lom- vb. "hide" (LT1:255; given in the form lomir "I hide"; read *lomin if the word is to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya.)

nurta-

hide

#nurta- vb. "hide", verbal stem isolated from nurtalë "hiding", q.v.

parma

noun. book

book, writing, composition

Quenya [PE 18:51 PE 18:101] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

parma

book

parma noun "book", also name of tengwa #2 (PAR, Appendix E). In early "Qenya", the gloss was "skin, bark, parchment, book, writings" (LT2:346); Tolkien later revisited the idea that parma basically is a noun "peel" and refers to bark or skin (as primitive writing materials, PE17:86): "peel, applied to bark or skin, hence "book", bark (literally skinning, peeling off), parchment, book; a book (or written document of some size")" (PE17:123). In the meantimeTolkien had associated the word with a root PAR meaning "compose, put together" (LR:380); the word loiparë "mistake in writing" (q.v.) may also suggest that the root PAR at one point was to mean "write", so that a parma was a "written thing". Instrumental form parmanen "with a book" or "by means of a book" (PE17:91, 180), parmastanna "on your book" (with the endings -sta dual "your", -nna allative) (VT49:47), parmahentië noun "book reading" (PE17:77). Other compounds: parmalambë noun "book-language" = Q[u]enya (PAR), #parma-resta noun "book-fair", attested with the endings -lya "thy" and the allative ending -nna (parma-restalyanna *"upon your book-fair") (VT49:38, 39). Parma as the name of the tengwa letter for P occurs compunded in parmatéma noun "p-series", labials, the second column of the Tengwar system (Appendix E).

Sindarin 

flâd

noun. skin

Sindarin [Fladrif LotR/E, TC/169, TC/173] Group: SINDICT. Published by

flâd

noun. skin

A word for “skin” (or possibly “bark”) appearing only in the name S. Fladrif “Skinbark” (LotR/474).

Element in

  • S. Fladrif “Skinbark” ✧ LotR/0474

Variations

  • flad ✧ LotR/0474 (flad)
Sindarin [LotR/0474] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rîf

noun. bark

Sindarin [Fladrif LotR/E, TC/169, TC/173] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rîf

noun. bark

A word for “bark” (or possibly “skin”) appearing only in the name S. Fladrif “Skinbark” (LotR/474).

Conceptual Development: Earlier “bark” words include G. padhwen “bark” (GL/63) and G. dafros “bark, skin, peel” (GL/29) from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. {daus >>} dâf “bark” in Gnomish Lexicon Slips (PE13/112), and ᴱN. {gwath “bark” >>} gwadh “bark, skin, peel” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/146).

Element in

  • S. Fladrif “Skinbark” ✧ LotR/0474

Variations

  • rif ✧ LotR/0474 (rif)
Sindarin [LotR/0474] Group: Eldamo. Published by

helf

fur, fur coat

(i chelf, o chelf), pl. hilf (i chilf), coll. pl. helvath

parf

book

parf (i barf, o pharf), pl. perf (i pherf), coll. pl. parvath

parf

book

(i barf, o pharf), pl. perf (i pherf), coll. pl. parvath

escal

cover that hides

(screen, veil), pl. escail. Also spelt esgal (pl. esgail).

Telerin 

parma

noun. book

Cognates

  • Q. parma “book, writing, composition, written document of some size, book, writing, composition, written document of some size; [ᴱQ.] skin, bark; parchment”

Derivations

  • √PAR “learn; arrange, [ᴹ√] compose, put together”

Khuzdûl

bark

bark

Root *B-R-K It is possible that "baruk" is also a genitive case, meaning "axes of <something>" rather than just "axes". The phrase "baruk Khazâd" can be compared to a "construct pair" in Semitic languages, such as Hebrew and Arabic.

Khuzdûl [Tolkien Gateway] Published by

Noldorin 

halath

noun. skin, fell

Changes

  • ?halath → helath “skin, fell” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL

Derivations

  • ᴹ√SKEL “*strip” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL

Element in

  • N. Haleth ✧ EtyAC/SKEL (Halath)

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√SKAL > ?halath[skalatta] > [skalattʰa] > [skalaθθa] > [sxalaθθa] > [xalaθθa] > [xalaθθ] > [halaθθ] > [halaθ]✧ EtyAC/SKEL
ᴹ√SKAL > heleth[skalatti] > [skalattʰi] > [skalaθθi] > [sxalaθθi] > [xalaθθi] > [xeleθθi] > [xeleθθ] > [halaθθ] > [halaθ]✧ EtyAC/SKEL

Variations

  • ?halath ✧ EtyAC/SKEL (?halath)
Noldorin [EtyAC/SKEL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

parf

noun. book

Noldorin [Ety/380] Group: SINDICT. Published by

parf

noun. book

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. parma “book” ✧ Ety/PAR

Derivations

  • On. parma “book” ✧ Ety/PAR
    • ᴹ✶parmā “book” ✧ Ety/PAR
    • ᴹ√PAR “compose, put together, arrange” ✧ Ety/PAR

Element in

  • ᴺS. parlas “parchment, document”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
On. parma > parf[parma] > [parm] > [parv]✧ Ety/PAR
On. parma > perf[parmi] > [permi] > [perm] > [perv]✧ Ety/PAR
Noldorin [Ety/PAR; EtyAC/PAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

helf

noun. fur, fur, *hide

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “fur” appearing beside N. heleth “fur, fur-coat”, both derived from the root ᴹ√SKEL (Ety/SKEL). Since N. helf seems to be the cognate of ᴹQ. helma “skin, fell”, I believe helf refers to both skin and fur together and hence = “✱hide”, whereas heleth refers to just the fur itself.

Conceptual Development: Various rejected forms appeared in The Etymologies, including halath “skin, fell” from an earlier version the root ᴹ√SKAL, revised to helath “skin, fell” before being deleted (EtyAC/SKEL). Possible precursors include ᴱN. gwadh “bark, skin, peel” vs. ᴱT. suada “hide” (PE13/146), and G. dafros “bark, skin, peel” (GL/29); see those entries for details.

Changes

  • helath → helf “skin, fell” ✧ Ety/SKEL

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶skelmā “skin, fell” ✧ Ety/SKEL
    • ᴹ√SKEL “*strip” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL
  • ᴹ√SKEL “*strip” ✧ Ety/SKEL

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶skelmā > helf[skelmā] > [skelma] > [sxelma] > [xelma] > [xelm] > [helm] > [helv]✧ Ety/SKEL
ᴹ√SKEL > helath[skelatta] > [skelattʰa] > [skelaθθa] > [sxelaθθa] > [xelaθθa] > [xelaθθ] > [helaθθ] > [helaθ]✧ Ety/SKEL

Variations

  • helath ✧ EtyAC/SKEL (helath)
Noldorin [Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

heleth

noun. fur, fur-coat

Noldorin [Ety/386] Group: SINDICT. Published by

helf

noun. fur

Noldorin [Ety/386] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

halma

noun. skin, fell

Changes

  • halma → helma “skin, fell” ✧ Ety/SKEL

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶skelmā “skin, fell” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL
    • ᴹ√SKEL “*strip” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶skalmā > halma[skalmā] > [xalmā] > [halmā] > [halma]✧ EtyAC/SKEL

helma

noun. skin, fell, skin, fell, *hide

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “skin, fell” derived from the root ᴹ√SKEL (Ety/SKEL). It replaced ᴹQ. halma which was derived from the original form of the root {ᴹ√SKAL >>} ᴹ√SKEL (EtyAC/SKEL). Here “fell” is used in its archaic English sense of “an animal’s skin including its hair”, hence “✱hide”.

Conceptual Development: A word ᴱQ. fara “fur, fell” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s from primitive ᴱ✶swada, with sw &gt; f as it did in Early Qenya of the 1910s and 20s (PE12/19); in the phonetic developments of later Quenya, sw &gt; hw (PE19/79). Earliest still Tolkien had ᴱQ. vóre “fur” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√VŌRI of the same meaning (QL/102).

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶skelmā “skin, fell” ✧ Ety/SKEL
    • ᴹ√SKEL “*strip” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL

Element in

  • ᴺQ. helmolpë “wine-skin, (lit.) skin-bottle”
  • ᴺQ. helmunquë “wrinkle, (lit.) skin-hollow”
  • ᴺQ. teccelma “scroll, parchment, (lit.) writing-skin”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶skelmā > helma[skelmā] > [xelmā] > [helmā] > [helma]✧ Ety/SKEL

parma

noun. book

Cognates

  • On. parma “book” ✧ Ety/PAR
  • N. parf “book” ✧ Ety/PAR

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶parmā “book” ✧ Ety/PAR; PE18/051; PE21/61
    • ᴹ√PAR “compose, put together, arrange” ✧ Ety/PAR

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶parmā > parma[parmā] > [parma]✧ Ety/PAR
ᴹ✶parmā > parma[parmā] > [parma]✧ PE18/051
ᴹ✶parmānĕ > parmān > parman[parmāne] > [parmān] > [parman]✧ PE21/61
Qenya [Ety/PAR; EtyAC/PAR; PE18/051; PE21/08; PE21/58; PE21/59; PE21/60; PE21/61; PE22/018; PE22/019; PE22/022; PE22/046; PE22/050; PE22/061; PE22/063] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

parma

noun. book

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. parma “book” ✧ Ety/PAR

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶parmā “book” ✧ Ety/PAR
    • ᴹ√PAR “compose, put together, arrange” ✧ Ety/PAR

Derivatives

  • N. parf “book” ✧ Ety/PAR

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶parmā > parma[parmā] > [parma]✧ Ety/PAR
Old Noldorin [Ety/PAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

skelmā

noun. skin, fell

Changes

  • skalmā → skelmā “skin, fell” ✧ Ety/SKEL

Derivations

  • ᴹ√SKEL “*strip” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. helma “skin, fell, skin, fell, *hide” ✧ Ety/SKEL
  • ᴹQ. halma “skin, fell” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL
  • N. helf “fur, fur, *hide” ✧ Ety/SKEL

Variations

  • skalmā ✧ EtyAC/SKEL (skalmā)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

parmā

noun. book

Derivations

  • ᴹ√PAR “compose, put together, arrange” ✧ Ety/PAR

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. parma “book” ✧ Ety/PAR; PE18/051; PE21/61
  • On. parma “book” ✧ Ety/PAR
    • N. parf “book” ✧ Ety/PAR

Variations

  • parmă ✧ PE21/64
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/PAR; PE18/051; PE21/58; PE21/61; PE21/64] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

past

noun. skin

A word for “skin” appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s under G. path “peel, skin, bark” with pl. padhin (GL/63), hence probably related to ᴱQ. parma “skin, bark; parchment; book” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√PARA [✱PAÐA] (QL/72).

Derivations

  • ᴱ√PARA “*peel”

dauth

noun. skin, hide

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “skin, hide”, related to the verb G. daf- “strip, flay, peel skin” (GL/29).

Derivations

  • ᴱ√DAVA “*skin”

Element in

dôf

noun. hide, skin

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “hide”, related to the verb G. daf- “strip, flay, peel skin” (GL/29). In a later page it appeared with the gloss “hide, skin” (GL/30).

Derivations

  • ᴱ√DAVA “*skin”
Gnomish [GL/29; GL/30] Group: Eldamo. Published by

dafros

noun. bark, skin, peel

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “bark, skin, peel”, related to the verb G. daf- “strip, flay, peel skin” (GL/29). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document, Tolkien instead gave {daus >>} dâf “bark” (PE13/112).

Changes

  • daus → dâf ✧ PE13/112

Variations

  • dâf ✧ PE13/112
  • daus ✧ PE13/112 (daus)
Gnomish [GL/29; PE13/112] Group: Eldamo. Published by

padhra-

verb. to skin, peel, flay

pasta-

verb. to skin, peel, flay

Derivations

  • ᴱ√PARA “*peel”

Variations

  • padhra- ✧ GL/63

dâf

noun. bark

padhwen

noun. bark

A noun for “bark” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/63), apparently based on the early root ᴱ√PARA [PAÐA?] which might mean “peel” (QL/72).

Derivations

  • ᴱ√PARA “*peel”

Early Noldorin

gwadh

noun. bark, skin, peel

This word appeared as gwath {“field” >>} “bark” in Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s (PE13/120). This form also appeared in Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, but it was deleted and replaced by gwadh “bark, skin, peel” as a derivative of ᴱ✶(s)wada (PE13/146).

Changes

  • gwath → gwath “field” ✧ PE13/120
  • gwath → gwath “bark, no. pl.” ✧ PE13/146

Cognates

  • Eq. fara “fur, fell” ✧ PE13/146
  • Et. suada “hide” ✧ PE13/146

Derivations

Element in

  • En. orwadh “barkless” ✧ PE13/156

Variations

  • gwath ✧ PE13/120; PE13/121 (gwath); PE13/146 (gwath)
Early Noldorin [PE13/120; PE13/121; PE13/146; PE13/156] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gwath

noun. bark

Solosimpi

suada

noun. hide

Cognates

  • En. gwadh “bark, skin, peel” ✧ PE13/146

Derivations

Solosimpi [PE13/146] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

vōri

root. fur

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “fur” with derivatives like ᴱQ. vōre “fur” and ᴱQ. vōriva “like fur” (QL/102). In later writings “fur” words were derived from ᴹ√SKEL.

Derivatives

  • Eq. vóre “fur” ✧ QL/102
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/102] Group: Eldamo. Published by

dava Speculative

root. *skin

A (hypothetical) early root that would explain Gnomish words like G. dôf “skin, hide” and G. daf- “strip, flay, peel skin” (GL/29). It was probably replaced in later conceptions by roots like ᴹ√SKEL.

Derivatives

  • G. dauth “skin, hide”
  • G. dôf “hide, skin”
  • G. dautha “naked, stripped”
  • G. daf- “to strip, flay, peel skin”
Early Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

naute

noun. skin

A noun for “skin” appearing in a list of body parts from the 1920s (PE14/117). Its etymology is unclear.

Early Quenya [PE14/117] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tekka

noun. book

Derivations

  • ᴱ√TEKE “make marks” ✧ QL/090

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√TEKE > tekka[tekkā] > [tekka]✧ QL/090
Early Quenya [QL/090] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tekte

noun. book

Derivations

  • ᴱ√TEKE “make marks” ✧ QL/090

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√TEKE > tekte[tekti] > [tekte]✧ QL/090
Early Quenya [QL/090] Group: Eldamo. Published by

parma

noun. skin, bark; parchment; book, writings

Derivations

  • ᴱ√PARA “*peel” ✧ LT2A/Parma Kuluinen; QL/072

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√PARA > parma[parmā] > [parma]✧ QL/072
Early Quenya [LT2A/Parma Kuluinen; PE14/046; PE15/70; PE16/133; PME/072; QL/072] Group: Eldamo. Published by

vóre

noun. fur

Derivations

  • ᴱ√VŌRI “fur” ✧ QL/102

Element in

  • Eq. vórina “of fur” ✧ QL/102
  • Eq. vóriva “like fur” ✧ QL/102

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√VŌRI > vōre[βōri] > [βōre] > [vōre]✧ QL/102

Variations

  • vōre ✧ QL/102
Early Quenya [QL/102] Group: Eldamo. Published by