-as

suffix. abstract noun

côl

noun. gold (metal)

A word appearing in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of ᴹ√KUL “gold (metal)” (Ety/KUL). Tolkien updated this entry to change the root’s gloss to “golden-red”, after which its Noldorin derivative became N. coll “red”, while elsewhere in The Etymologies the word for “gold (as metal)” became N. malt (Ety/SMAL).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. †culu used poetically for “gold”, cognate to ᴱQ. kulu “gold” (GL/27) and thus derived from the same early root ᴱ√KULU (QL/49). G. culu was also given as an example noun for declensions in the contemporaneous Gnomish Grammar (PE11/14).

gwelw

noun. air (as a substance)

A noun appearing in The Etymologies of the 1930s as N. gwelw “air (as a substance)” derived from primitive ᴹ✶wilwā under the root ᴹ√WIL “fly, float in air” (Ety/WIL).

Conceptual Development: An earlier precursor is G. gwail “air” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√gu̯il (GL/45).

Neo-Sindarin: If adapted to Neo-Sindarin, this word would be ᴺS. gwelu as suggested in HSD (HSD).

ram(m)as

noun. *great wall

-os

suffix. abstract noun

-th

suffix. abstract noun

a

conjunction. and

adwen

noun. [unglossed]

An untranslated word appearing in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the late 1940s or early 1950s (PE23/26). It might be a later iteration of G. adhwen “approach, avenue” from the 1910s, or is perhaps related to S. adu and ᴹQ. atwa “double”, possibly a variant of edwen “second”.

ai

interjection. hail

an-

prefix. with, by

angol

noun. deep lore, magic

anna-

verb. to give

ar

conjunction. and

ar-

prefix. etym. beside

ar-

prefix. without

ar-

prefix. day

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

bein

adjective. beautiful, fair

borg

adjective. large

A word for “large” in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1940s, in borg’ā “large ā” (PE23/26). Its etymology is unclear.

borth

?. [unglossed]

brassen

adjective. white-hot

calen

adjective. green

callon

noun. hero

callon

noun. hero

ceir

noun. ship

ceir

noun. ship

celeb

noun. silver

celeb

noun. silver

celebren

adjective. like silver (in hue or worth)

celefn

adjective. of silver

celevon

adjective. of silver

cenedril

noun. looking-glass, mirror

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

cîr

noun. ship

côl

noun. gold (metal)

cûl

noun. flame

A word for “flame” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KUL “golden-red”, but this word was deleted (EtyAC/KUL).

dae

adverb. very

di

preposition. in

diragas

?. [unglossed]

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

drambor

noun. clenched fist

drambor

noun. blow (with fist)

elf

noun. friend

ethir

noun. mouth (of a river), estuary

fein

noun/adjective. white

fein

noun/adjective. cloud

fela

noun. cave

fela

noun. cave

gathrod

noun. cave

gathrod

noun. cave

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cave”, apparently a combination of N. gath “cavern” and ᴹ√ROT “tunnel” (Ety/GAT(H)). Its initial element also appeared in the name N. Doriath “Land of the Cave”, but in later writings S. Doriath was redefined as “Land of the Fence” with final element S. iath “fence” (WJ/370), so N. gathrod “cave” was probably abandoned.

gell

noun. joy, triumph

glamhoth

noun. barbaric host of Orcs

glas

noun. joy

glas

noun. joy

glass

noun. joy

glaur

noun. gold

gloss

adjective. snow-white, dazzling-white

golw Archaic

noun. lore

gond

noun. rock

gondrafn

noun. hewn stone

gondram

noun. hewn stone

gonn

noun. great stone, rock

guruth

noun. death

guruth

noun. death

gwanath

noun. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract)

gwanw

noun. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract)

gwelw

noun. air (as substance)

gwelwen

noun. air, lower air (distinct from the upper air of the stars, or the outer)

gwilith

noun. air (as a region)

gwilith

noun. air (as a region), air (as a region), *lower sky; [G.] breeze

An abstract noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “air as a region” under the root ᴹ√WIL (Ety/WIL). In other words, you breath N. gwelw (ᴺS. gwelu) “air as a substance”, but birds fly through gwilith, basically making it the lower sky below the clouds.

Conceptual Development: In Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. gwilith was “a breeze” (GL/45).

gwilwileth

noun. butterfly

gwilwileth

noun. butterfly

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “butterfly” derived from the root ᴹ√WIL “fly” (Ety/WIL), apparently with duplication of the root and the addition of the abstract noun suffix N. -th.

Conceptual Development: The word G. gwilbrin or gwilvrin “a butterfly” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s along with an adjective form G. gwilbriniol “like a butterfly”, based on primitive ᴱ√gu̯il (GL/45).

gûl

noun. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things)

gûl

noun. perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy

gûl

noun. magic

gûr

noun. death

ha

pronoun. it

ha

pronoun. it

hana

pronoun. it

hana

pronoun. it

hele

noun. glass

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

hmalt

noun. gold (as metal)

hûn

noun. heart (physical)

imlad

noun. deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides (but a flat habitable bottom)

ist

noun. lore, knowledge

lhach

noun. (leaping) flame

lhass

noun. leaf

lhass

noun. leaf

lhebed

noun. finger

Tolkien later seems to have replaced this form by leber

lhebed

noun. finger

lhind

noun. air, tune

lhinn

noun. air, tune

mallen

adjective. of gold, golden

malt

noun. gold (as metal)

malt

noun. gold (as metal)

malthen

adjective. of gold, golden

mauth

?. [unglossed]

mel-

verb. to love

meldir

noun. friend

meldis

noun. friend

meleth

noun. love

meleth

noun. love

mellon

noun. friend

mellon

noun. friend

menwed

?. [unglossed]

milui

adjective. friendly, loving, kind

mîl

noun. love, affection

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

na

preposition. to, towards, at

naugl

noun. dwarf

naugol

noun. dwarf

naur

noun. flame

naur

noun. fire

naur

noun. flame

nawag

noun. Dwarf

ne-

prefix. in

A prefix for “in” implied by the verb N. nestag- “insert” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/STAK). It was probably derived from primitive ᴹ✶ndē̆- “in, inside” based on the root ᴹ√NĒ̆, but this root and its derivatives were deleted (EtyAC/NĒ̆).

Neo-Sindarin: Despite the deletion of its root, I think it is worth retaining ne- “in” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin.

nedh-

prefix. in, inside, mid-

See also the preposition ned , and the noun ened for a discussion of this form

nith

?. [unglossed]

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

nothlir

noun. family line (esp. as family tree, genealogical tree)

níth

?. [unglossed]

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

oltha-

verb. to dream, to dream; [G.] to appear as an apparition

A verb for “to dream” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶olsa- based on the root ᴹ√OLOS “dream” (Ety/LOS, ÓLOS), where the primitive *ls* became *lth* as was usual.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s G. oltha- was glossed “to appear as an apparition”, but could be used for “I dream” as an impersonal verb with the putative subject in the dative (GL/62). This seems to be similar to how Q. óla- “dream” was used in Tolkien’s later writings, which likewise was an impersonal verb (UT/396). The Gnomish Lexicon had another verb G. olma- “I dream” as well (GL/62). These Gnomish verbs were clearly based on the early root ᴱ√OLO (QL/69).

ostrad

noun. street

ostrad

noun. street

A word appearing in The Etymologies of the 1930s as N. ostrad “street”, a combination of N. ost “city” and N. râd “path, track” (Ety/RAT).

Neo-Sindarin: Some Neo-Sindarin writers update this word to ᴺS. othrad “street” as suggested in HSD (HSD), based on words like othrond “stronghold” = ost + rond. I think either is fine if we assume othrad is an ancient compound and ostrad was a late (or reformed) compound; compare N. mistrad “error” which also shows medial str.

othlon

noun. paved way

othlond

noun. paved way

parf

noun. book

parf

noun. book

paur

noun. fist (often used to mean "hand", its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching)

paur

noun. fist

penninar

noun. last day of the year

perian

noun. Halfling

porennin

?. [unglossed]

rada-

verb. to make a way, find a way

rhib-

verb. to flow like a (torrent ?)

The reading of the gloss is uncertain

rhond

noun. cave roof

rhond

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

rhonn

noun. cave roof

rhonn

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

rhîf

noun. edge, hem, border

rond

noun. cave

salab

noun. herb

salab

noun. herb

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “herb” derived from ᴹ✶SALÁK-(WĒ) and cognate to ᴹQ. salqe “grass” (Ety/SALÁK). Its Noldorin plural was seleb, but if adapted into Sindarin its plural would be ✱selaib.

Conceptual Development: A likely precursor is ᴱN. {halo >>} halb “grass, long mowing grass” from Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s, which had a Quenya cognate ᴱQ. salqe (PE13/147). The variant half “grass” from elsewhere in the same document was likely also related (PE13/147). See also G. salc “green cut grass” from the 1910s.

sarn

noun. stone (as a material)

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

sarn

noun. small stone

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

sarn

noun/adjective. stone as a material

siria-

verb. to flow

solch

noun. root (especially as edible)

solch

noun. root (especially as edible)

A noun in The Etymologies from around 1937 glossed “root (especially as edible)” and derived from ᴹ√SULUK (Ety/SÚLUK).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. tarc “root (especially edible roots)” and related G. tricthon {“slender fibrous root” >>} “(fibrous fine) root”, both derived from ᴱ√tṛk (GL/69, 71).

síla-

verb. to shine white

tawar

noun. wood (as a material)

tawar

noun. great wood, forest

telwen

?. [unglossed]

thalion

noun. hero, dauntless man (especially as surname of Húrin Thalion)

thond

noun. friend

tindu

noun. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon)

tindu

noun. starry twilight

tinnu

noun. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon)

tinnu

noun. starry twilight

toss

noun. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.)

tum

noun. deep valley, under or among hills

ogod Reconstructed

noun. Ent