Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Gnomish

bar(n)a-

verb. to dwell in (a land), till (land)

A verb appearing as G. {bartha- >>} bara- or barna- “dwell in, till (tr.)” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/21), clearly derived from the early root ᴱ√MBARA “dwell, live” (QL/63). Its gloss is followed by a parenthentical comment “(land)”. Likely the original sense was “dwell in (a land)”, and from there it gained the sense “✱prepare a landing for dwelling” = “till (land), ✱cultivate”.

Neo-Sindarin: Since √MBAR continues to appear in Tolkien’s later writings, for purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would retain transitive ᴺS. barna- “to till (land), ✱cultivate” with an original sense “to dwell in (a land)”. Given this verb’s association with cultivation, however, I would use the later verb [N.] dortha- as the primary verb for “to dwell, stay, settle, ✱live (in a place)” (Ety/NDOR).

Changes

  • bartha- → bara- ✧ GL/21

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MBARA “dwell, live”

Variations

  • bara- ✧ GL/21
  • barna- ✧ GL/21
  • bartha- ✧ GL/21 (bartha-)