carma

noun. deed

carma

tool, weapon

carma (1) noun "tool, weapon" (PE17:114)

carma

noun. tool, implement, means

carma

helm

carma (2) noun "helm" (helmet) in Carma-cundo ("k") "Helm-guardian" (PM:260). Notice that in PE17:114, Tolkien indicated that he rather wanted carma to mean "tool" or "weapon", leaving the status of carma "helmet" uncertain. Possibly shortened to -car in the names Eldacar (Elfhelm?), Hallacar (Tall-helm?) Cf. also cassa in Etym.

carma

noun. helm

Derivations

• ✶kasma “?helm” ✧ PE17/114; PE17/114; PE17/114
  • √KAS “head” ✧ PE17/114

Element in

• Q. Carma-cundo “Helm-guardian” ✧ PM/260
• Q. Eldacar “Elfhelm” ✧ PE17/114
• Q. Hallacar “*Tall Helm”
• Q. Valacar “*Vala Helm” ✧ PE17/114

Elements

Word	Gloss
cas	“head, head, [ᴱQ.] top, summit”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶kāsā > -kar	[-kasā] > [-kazā] > [-kaza] > [-kaz] > [-kar]	✧ PE17/114
✶-kāsă > -kas	[-kasa] > [-kas]	✧ PE17/114
✶kasma > kazma > karma	[kasma] > [kazma] > [karma]	✧ PE17/114

Variations

• karma ✧ PE17/114
• Karma ✧ PM/260

carma

noun. tool, implement, means, weapon

Cognates

• ᴺS. carf “tool, implement, weapon”

Derivations

• √KAR “do, make, build, do, make, build, [ᴹ√] construct” ✧ PE17/114

Element in

• ᴺQ. carmatan “toolsmith”

Elements

Word	Gloss
car-	“to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build”
-ma	“instrumental”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KAR > karma	[karma]	✧ PE17/114

Variations

• karma ✧ PE17/114; PE22/152

carda

deed

carda noun "deed" (PE17:51). Cf. car #3. The word may contain the ending -da (q.v.) denoting the result of the corresponding verbal action.

carda

noun. deed

carda

noun. deed

Quenya noun for a “deed”, a combination of the verb car- “to do” and the verbal suffix -da used for the product of an action (PE17/51; PE22/152), thus literally “✱a thing done”.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor of this word is ᴱQ. karma “shape, fashion; act, deed” in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s of similar derivation (QL/45). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the word appeared as ᴹQ. kar (kard-), but this gloss was rejected and replaced by ᴹQ. kar “building” (Ety/KAR). The form karma “deed” also appeared in some later writings, but was rejected (PE22/138).

Cognates

• S. carth “deed”

Elements

Word	Gloss
car-	“to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build”
-da	“product of an action”

Variations

• karda ✧ PE17/051; PE22/152
• karma ✧ PE22/138 (karma)

car

deed

car (card-) (3) ("k")noun "deed" (rewritten >) "building, house" (KAR). Cf. carda.

cassa

helmet

cassa ("k")noun "helmet" (KAS; though spelt cassa also in the Etymologies as printed in LR, VT45:19 indicates that Tolkien's own spelling was kassa). Cf. carma in a later source.

harna

helmet

harna (3) noun "helmet" (VT45:21)

harpa

helmet

harpa noun "helmet" (VT45:21)

tamma

tool

tamma noun "tool" (PE17:108)

tamma

noun. tool

Derivations

• √TAM “construct, construct; [ᴹ√] knock, [ᴱ√] beat; smelt, forge” ✧ PE17/107

Elements

Word	Gloss
TAM	“construct, construct; [ᴹ√] knock, [ᴱ√] beat; smelt, forge”
-ma	“instrumental”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√TAM > tamma	[tamma]	✧ PE17/107

Eldacar

elfhelm

Eldacar masc. name, *"Elfhelm". Compare carma "helmet". (Appendix A)

castol

helmet

castol noun "helmet", synonyms tholon (q.v.), sól (q.v), also variant castolo ("k")(PE17:186, 188)

castol(o)

noun. helmet

Cognates

• S. castol “helmet” ✧ PE17/186; PE17/188

Derivations

• √THOL “stand up, top; helmet” ✧ PE17/186

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√STOL > castol	[castol]	✧ PE17/186

Variations

• castol ✧ PE17/186
• kastol(o) ✧ PE17/188

sól

helmet

sól, also solma or solos, noun variant words apparently for "helmet", cf. castol, q.v. (PE17:188)

tholon

helmet

tholon noun "helmet", variant of castol (q.v.), though Tolkien might have mistakenly marked it as Quenya instead of Sindarin (PE17:186)

þolon

noun. helmet

Cognates

• S. thôl “helmet, helm” ✧ PE17/186

Derivations

• √THOL “stand up, top; helmet”

Variations

• tholon ✧ PE17/186

carn

noun. deed

A Sindarin noun for a “deed”, attested only in its lenited form garn within the word othgarn “misdeed” (PE17/151). The alternate form carth “deed” is perhaps better attested.

Element in

• S. othgarn “misdeed, misdeed, *sin” ✧ PE17/151

carth

noun. deed

Sindarin noun for a “deed”, attested only in its lenited plural form gerth within the word úgarth “trespass” (VT44/28), which probably more literally means “✱misdeed”. This word is not completely compatible with its Quenya cognate Q. carda “deed” from primitive ✶kardā, which in Sindarin should produce ✱cardh. Perhaps the Sindarin word had a slightly different primitive form ✱✶kartā. The expect form cardh might appear as an element in the variant form athragardh of S. athragared “interaction”.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor of this word is G. carm “act, deed, exploit” in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/25; PE13/111), cognate of contemporaneous ᴱQ. karma “shape, fashion; act, deed” (QL/45). In the Early Noldorin word lists from the 1920s, this word was revised to ᴱN. carbh “deed” (PE13/140), reflecting Tolkien’s changing conception of the phonetic development of final -m in Noldorin. In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the word appeared as N. carth or carð “deed” (cardh), but these forms were rejected and replaced by N. car(ð) “building” (Ety/KAR).

Cognates

• Q. carda “deed”

Element in

• ᴺS. carthas “activity”
• S. úgarth “trespass, *(lit.) misdeed” ✧ VT44/28

castol

noun. helmet

Cognates

• Q. castol(o) “helmet” ✧ PE17/186; PE17/188

Elements

Word	Gloss
kas	“head”
thôl	“helmet, helm”

thôl

noun. helm

cardh

deed

cardh (i gardh, o chardh), pl. cerdh (i cherdh). Note: cardh may also mean "house, building".

cardh

deed

(i gardh, o chardh), pl. cerdh (i cherdh). Note: cardh may also mean "house, building".

harn

helmet

harn (i charn, o charn), pl. hern (i chern). Note: this is a homophone of two unrelated adjectives harn, one meaning ”southern” and the other ”wounded”.

harn

helmet

(i charn, o charn), pl. hern (i chern). Note: this is a homophone of two unrelated adjectives harn, one meaning ”southern” and the other ”wounded”.

úgarth

ill deed

(sin), pl. úgerth (VT44:23)

thôl

helm

thôl (construct thol, pl. thŷl, coll. pl. ?tholath)

thôl

helm

(construct thol, pl. th**ŷ**l, coll. pl. ?tholath)

stol

root. helmet

cardh

noun. deed, feat

carth

noun. deed, feat

carth

noun. deed

Changes

• carth → carð “deed” ✧ Ety/KAR

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kar “deed” ✧ Ety/KAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” ✧ Ety/KAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KAR > carth	[karta] > [kartʰa] > [karθa] > [karθ]	✧ Ety/KAR

Variations

• carð ✧ Ety/KAR (carð)

harn

noun. helmet

harn

noun. helmet

Changes

• harð → harn ✧ EtyAC/KHAR

Cognates

• ᴹQ. harna “helmet” ✧ EtyAC/KHAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAR “helmet” ✧ EtyAC/KHAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHAR > harn	[kʰarna] > [xarna] > [xarn] > [harn]	✧ EtyAC/KHAR
ᴹ√KHAR > harð	[kʰarda] > [xarda] > [xarða] > [xarð] > [harð]	✧ EtyAC/KHAR

Variations

• harn ✧ EtyAC/KHAR
• harð ✧ EtyAC/KHAR (harð)