Primitive elvish

kanga

root. *tangle; [ᴱ√] weave, twine

uñg

root. spider

This root and ones like it were tied to spider words for much of Tolkien’s life, most notably in the name S. Ungoliant and its precursors. The earliest iteration of this root was unglossed ᴱ√GUŊU in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. ungwe/G. gung “spider” (QL/98); Tolkien marked the root with a “?” and given that the Qenya forms had no initial consonant, the actual root may have been ✱ᴱ√ƷUŊU. In The Lost Tales of the 1910s, Tolkien changed G. Gungliont to G. Ungoliont (LT1/156), and in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon the word for “spider” was G. ungwi (GL/75), so it seems Tolkien revised {✱ᴱ√ƷUŊU >>} ✱ᴱ√UŊU.

In The Etymologies of the 1930s, unglossed ᴹ√UÑG had derivatives like ᴹQ. ungwe “gloom” and ᴹQ. ungo “cloud, dark shadow” (Ety/UÑG), and it was the second element ᴹQ. liante in ᴹQ. Ungoliante that meant “spider” (Ety/SLIG). However, in notes from 1969 Tolkien gave ✱ungu- as the basis for “spider” words (PE22/160), as reflected in Q. ungwë “spider’s web” (LotR/1122) and S. ungol “spider” in his later writings (Let/180; RC/490, 767).

Primitive elvish [PE22/160] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Quenya 

canguru

noun. kangaroo

A neologism for “kangaroo” coined by Dírheron on Discord in 2019, a loan word.

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

lanya-

weave

lanya- (2) vb. "weave" (LAN)

lia-

twine

lia- vb. "twine" (LT1:271)

liantë

spider

liantë (1) noun "spider" (SLIG), in earlier sources ascribed other meanings:(2)liantë "tendril" (LT1:271) and (3) "vine" (PE14:55, cf. liantassë elsewhere)

línë

cobweb

línë noun "cobweb" (SLIG). Since Tolkien eventually decided that roots in sl- yield Quenya words in hl- (though this was pronounced l- in late Exilic Quenya), it may be that the spelling *hlínë is to be preferred.

natsë

web, net

natsë noun "web, net" (NAT)

were-

weave

were- vb. "weave" (cited as a derivative of the root WER "twine, weave" and maybe a primitive form rather than a Quenya word). (PE17:33)

were-

verb. to weave

A verb based on √WER “weave” that Tolkien coined in notes from around 1957 while exploring the development of the name S. Gwaihir (PE17/33). The section where this verb appeared was marked out, and in notes 1959-60 Tolkien changed the root to √WIR “weave” (PE17/191; VT39/10).

Neo-Quenya: This verb might be updated to ✱vir- “to weave” from the later form of the root, but I prefer to stick to attested [ᴹQ.] lanya- for “to weave” (Ety/LAN).

Noldorin 

nath

noun. web

Noldorin [Ety/375] Group: SINDICT. Published by

nath

noun. web

A noun for “web” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√NAT “lace, weave, tie” with Quenya cognate ᴹQ. natse (Ety/NAT).

thling

noun. spider, spider's web, cobweb

Noldorin [Ety/386, X/LH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

thlingril

noun. spider

Noldorin [Ety/386, X/LH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

thlingril

noun. spider

A noun appearing as N. thlingril “spider” in The Etymologies, probably a feminine form of N. thling “spider, spider’s web, cobweb” (Ety/SLIG). Christopher Tolkien said the r was uncertain.

Neo-Sindarin: Since initial sl- became lh- in Sindarin, most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. lhingril, as suggested in HSD (HSD). This word is somewhat questionable, since in later writings √ungu- was the basis for spider words (PE22/160). I think ᴹ√SLIG may be reinterpreted as having to do with threads, and as such I think ᴺS. lhingril can be retained as originally meaning “(female) web spinner”. However, I recommend later S. ungol as the more common Sindarin word for “spider”.

Noldorin [Ety/SLIG] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ungol

noun. spider

Noldorin [Ety/366, WR/202, LotR, RC/490] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ungol

noun. spider

ungoliant

feminine name. Gloomweaver

Noldorin [Ety/UÑG; LRI/Ungoliantë; LT1I/Ungoliant; RSI/Ungoliant; SM/091; SMI/Ungoliant; TII/Ungoliant; WR/196; WRI/Ungoliant(e)] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Sindarin 

lhing

noun. spider, spider's web, cobweb

Sindarin [Ety/386, X/LH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

lhingril

noun. spider

Sindarin [Ety/386, X/LH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ungol

noun. spider

Sindarin [Ety/366, WR/202, LotR, RC/490] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ungol

noun. spider

The Sindarin word for “spider” (Let/180; RC/490, 767), derived from √ungu- that was the basis for spider words (PE22/160).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish word for “spider” was initially G. gung in both the Qenya Lexicon and Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√GUŊU (QL/98; GL/43), also appearing an element in G. Gungliont, the earliest name of Ungoliant (LT1/160). In the Gnomish Lexicon the word gung was crossed through, but may have become ging in G. gwidh-a-ging “cobweb” (GL/46). Regardless, Tolkien added G. ungwi “spider” in pencil to the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/75), which seems to indicate a change of the root from ᴱ√GUŊU to ᴱ√UŊU, consistent with the replacement name G. Ungoliont from the contemporaneous narratives (LT1/152).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s, “spider” words were derived from the root ᴹ√SLIG (Ety/SLIG); see N. thling for discussion. Tolkien soon restored Ung-, however, since N. ungol was translated as “spider” in Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s (WR/202).

Sindarin [Let/180; RC/490; RC/767] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gwir-

verb. to weave

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

gwî

web

1) gwî (i **) (net), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwî), 2) nath (pl. naith**).

gwî

web

(i ’wî) (net), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwî)

lhing

spider’s web

(?i thling or ?i lingthe lenition product of lh is uncertain)  (cobweb), no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i ling). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thling.

lhing

cobweb

*lhing (?i thling or ?i ling the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (spider, spiders web), no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i ling). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thling.

lhing

cobweb

(?i thling or ?i lingthe lenition product of lh is uncertain)  (spider, spider’s web), no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i ling). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thling.

lhing

spider’s web, cobweb

(?i thling or ?i lingthe lenition product of lh is uncertain) (also used = ”spider”); no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i ling). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thling.

lhingril

noun. spider

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

lhingril

spider

(?i thlingril or ?i lingrilthe lenition product of lh is uncertain); no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i lingril). Coll. pl. lhingrillath. (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” *thlingril**.*)

lhê

spider filament

(?i thlê or ?i lêthe lenition product of lh is uncertain) (fine thread), pl. lhî (?i lî). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlê.

nath

web

(pl. naith).

ungol

spider

1) ungol (pl. yngyl); coll. pl. ?unglath or ungolath; 2) *lhingril (?i thlingril or ?i lingril the lenition product of lh is uncertain); no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i lingril). Coll. pl. lhingrillath. (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlingril.) 3) or

ungol

spider

(pl. yngyl); coll. pl. ?unglath or ungolath


Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Early Primitive Elvish

kanga

root. weave

Early Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

kaŋa

root. weave, twine

A root appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱ√KANGA “weave” with various derivatives of similar meaning (QL/45), but the actual root probably had medial Ŋ as with ᴱ√KAŊA “twine” appearing later in that same document (QL/98). There are a number of probably-related forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon starting with either cang- or cing-, such as G. cang “tangled”, G. cingra “plaited”, and G. cing(win) “spider” (GL/25-26). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, but I think it is worth positing a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KANGA “tangle” to salvage various Gnomish words having to do with tangles and confusion.

Early Primitive Elvish [QL/045; QL/098] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

kanga-

verb. to weave, spin

A verb in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s appearing only in its 1st sg. form kangin “I weave, spin” under the early root ᴱ√KANGA (QL/45).

Early Quenya [QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kangaris

noun. spider

A word for “spider” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, based on the verb ᴱQ. kanga- “weave, spin” from the early root ᴱ√KANGA (QL/45), also appearing in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/45).

Early Quenya [PME/045; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kangale

noun. web

A word for “web” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, based on the verb ᴱQ. kanga- “weave, spin” from the early root ᴱ√KANGA (QL/45), also appearing in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/45).

Early Quenya [PME/045; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kangawinda

noun. cobweb

A word for “cobweb” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/45), apparently a combination of the verb ᴱQ. kanga- “weave” and the noun ᴱQ. winda “woof”. It also appeared in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/45).

Early Quenya [PME/045; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

wirilóme

feminine name. Gloomweaver

Another name for Ungweliante (S. Ungoliant) in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/152), a combination of some form of the root ᴱ√GWIÐI having to do with weaving and lóme “gloom”, as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Gwerlum).

Early Quenya [GL/46; LT1/152; LT1A/Gwerlum; LT1I/Gwerlum; LT1I/Wirilómë; LT2I/Wirilómë; PE13/103; QL/103; SMI/Wirilómë] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lia

noun. twine

Early Quenya [LT1A/Ungwë Lianti; QL/053] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ungwe

noun. spider

Early Quenya [GL/43; LT1A/Ungwë Lianti; LT1I/Ungweliantë; PE16/145; PME/104; QL/098] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

cing(win)

noun. spider

A noun for “spider” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with variants cing and cingwin (GL/26). Tolkien indicated this word was related to G. cang “tangled” (GL/25), which was probably based on the early root ᴱ√KAŊA “weave, twine” (QL/45, 98). The i in cing indicates the primitive form was probably kŋ̣g-, since short syllabic nasals became in in Gnomish.

Gnomish [GL/25; GL/26] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ging

noun. spider

gung

noun. spider

Gnomish [GL/43; GL/46; QL/098] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gwaidhin

noun. web

A word for “web” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√gu̯iđ and related to G. gwidh- “weave” (GL/46). It had a deleted variant gwaith².

gwerlum

feminine name. Gloomweaver

Gnomish [GL/43; GL/46; GL/58; LT1/152; LT1A/Gwerlum; LT1I/Gwerlum; PE13/103; PE15/27] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gwidh-a-ging

noun. cobweb

A word for “cobweb” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/46). Its initial element seems to be G. gwidh- “weave”, and its final element might be a variant of G. gung “spider” (though this word was deleted).

lind

noun. twine

Gnomish [GL/54; LT1A/Ungwë Lianti] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ungwi

noun. spider

Early Noldorin

ungoliont

feminine name. Gloomweaver

Early Noldorin [LBI/Ungoliant; SM/016] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

filet

noun. cobweb

A word in in the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s glossed {“fern” >>} “cobweb” (PE21/33 and note #3). Its initial gloss was probably a later iteration of ᴱQ. filqe “fern” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/38), and in later writings filit (filik-) was a word for “small bird, sparrow” (Ety/PHILIK; PE21/56), so this was likely a transient form.

Qenya [PE21/33; PE21/35] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lanya-

verb. to weave

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “weave” under the root ᴹ√LAN of the same meaning (Ety/LAN).

liante

noun. spider, spider, [ᴱQ.] tendril, vine

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “spider” derived from the root ᴹ√SLIG with various other derivatives having to do with webs and fine threads (Ety/SLIG). Most notably it was the second element in the name ᴹQ. Ungoliante “Gloomweaver” (LR/230). In the paradigm of The Etymologies, ᴹQ. ungo was “cloud, dark shadow” (Ety/UÑG), not “spider”.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s, ᴱQ. liante was glossed “tendril” and was derived from the early root ᴱ√LI+ya “unite many in one” (QL/53, PME/53). In this period it was an element in the name ᴱQ. Ungweliante or Ungwe Lianti “the great spider who enmeshes” (LT1/152), where the intial element ᴱQ. ungwe meant “spider” (QL/98). In the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, ᴱQ. liante was translated “vine” (PE14/55), as opposed to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where ᴱQ. liantasse was “vine” (QL/53).

Neo-Quenya: Tolkien gave no other Quenya words for “spider” in his later writings, but S. ungol was glossed “spider” (Let/180; RC/490, 767) and √ungu- was described as the basis for “spider words” (PE22/160), making it very likely that ✱ungol was “spider” in his later conception of the name Q. Ungoliantë. However, I think [ᴹQ.] liante might be reconceived of as a (feminine?) agental form originally meaning “weaver” or “webspinner”. Furthermore, I think [ᴺQ.] ungol might have come to be associated only with monstrous spiders, the descendants of Ungoliantë, so that [ᴹQ.] liante came to be used of ordinary spiders.

líne

noun. cobweb, cobweb; [ᴱQ.] cotton, thread

A noun for “cobweb” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶slignē under the root ᴹ√SLIG (Ety/SLIG).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s Tolkien gave ᴱQ. līnẹ “thread, cotton” under the early root ᴱ√LI+ya (QL/53).

Neo-Quenya: This word is somewhat questionable, since in later writings, Tolkien derived spider words from √ungu-. However, I prefer to interpret ᴹ√(S)LIG as having to do with threads for purposes of Neo-Eldarin, and “cobweb” could be from a sense “collection of threads”. With this interpretation, I think it is also plausible to include the sense “cotton” from Early Qenya, though for “thread” I’d use other words like Q. ipsin or [ᴹQ.] lia. Helge Fauskanger suggested (QQ/líne) that this word should be ✱hlíne given primitive initial sl-, but there is another primitive form ᴹ✶ligā under the root, so perhaps the Quenya derivatives were (a) based from a variant root ᴹ√LIG or (b) reflect the Third Age Quenya pronunciation as voiced l (LotR/1114).

ungoliante

feminine name. Gloomweaver

Qenya [Ety/DYEL; Ety/SLIG; Ety/UÑG; LR/230; LRI/Ungoliantë; RSI/Ungoliant; SMI/Ungoliant] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Doriathrin

nass

noun. web

A Doriathrin noun for “web” (Ety/NAT). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. natse indicates a primitive form ✱✶natsē, where the [ts] became [ss] because [[ilk|medial voiceless stops became [s] before [s]]] in Ilkorin.

Doriathrin [Ety/NAT] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

lan

root. weave

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/LAN] Group: Eldamo. Published by