Primitive elvish

las

root. leaf

This root was connected to leaves throughout Tolkien’s life. It did not appear directly in the Qenya or Gnomish lexicons of the 1910s, but ✱ᴱ√LASA “leaf” is implied by ᴱQ. lasse and G. lass “leaf” (QL/51; GL/52). ᴹ√LAS appeared directly in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the derivatives ᴹQ. lasse and N. lhass (Ety/LAS¹), and the root √LAS “leaf” was also mentioned in Tolkien’s later writings (PE17/77; VT39/9).

Derivatives

  • Nan. las “leaf”
  • lassē “leaf” ✧ PE17/153; VT39/09
    • Q. lassë “leaf, leaf; [ᴱQ.] petal” ✧ Let/282; PE19/106; PE19/106; VT39/09
    • S. lass “leaf, leaf; [G.] petal”

Element in

  • Nan. Legolas “Greenleaf” ✧ PE17/153

Variations

  • las ✧ PE17/077; VT39/09
  • LAS ✧ PE17/153
Primitive elvish [PE17/077; PE17/153; VT39/09] Group: Eldamo. Published by

las

root. listen

This root did not appear as the basis of “listen” words until The Etymologies of the 1930s, where Tolkien gave ᴹ√LAS “listen” as opposed to ᴹ√LAS “leaf” (Ety/LAS¹, LAS²). One of its derivatives was N. lhewig “ear” (from fossilized dual lhaw). Tolkien apparently wanted to retain this form in his later writings after deciding that initial l was no longer unvoiced in Sindarin, so he coined a variant s-fortified root √SLAS “ear” from which it could still be derived (PE17/62, PE17/77). The unfortified root √LAS “listen” continued to appear, however (PE17/46; PE19/101), as indicated by imperative S. lasto “listen” (LotR/307). Tolkien did speculate that the roots √LAS¹ “leaf” and √LAS² “listen” might ultimately be related, probably because of the similarity of the shape of Elvish ears and the leaves of trees:

> lasse “leaf” (S las); pl. lassi (S lais). It is only applied to certain kinds of leaves, especially those of trees, and would not e.g. be used of leaf of a hyacinth (linque). It is thus possibly related to √LAS “listen”, and S-LAS stem of Elvish words for “ear”: Q hlas, dual hlaru. Sindarin dual lhaw, singular lheweg (PE17/62).

A similar notion appeared in The Etymologies: “Some think this [ᴹ√LAS¹ ‘leaf’] is related to the next [ᴹ√LAS² ‘listen’] and ✱lassē ‘ear’. The Quendian ears were more pointed and leaf-shaped than [?human]” (Ety/LAS¹).

Derivatives

  • Aq. lammo “listener (spy or scout)” ✧ PE19/101
    • Q. larmo “listener (spy or scout)” ✧ PE19/101
  • Q. lasta- “to listen, to listen; [ᴹQ.] to hear” ✧ PE17/046
  • ᴺS. last “(sense of) hearing”
  • S. lasta- “to listen, give ear” ✧ PE17/046
  • ᴺS. lathr(ad)a- “to listen in, eavesdrop”
  • ᴺS. lathron “hearer, listener, eavesdropper”

Element in

  • SLAS “ear” ✧ PE17/062

Variations

  • LAS ✧ PE17/046; PE17/062; PE17/159; PE19/101
Primitive elvish [PE17/046; PE17/062; PE17/159; PE19/101] Group: Eldamo. Published by

slas

root. ear

Derivatives

  • slas “ear”
    • Q. hlas “ear” ✧ PE17/077
  • Q. hlar- “to hear”
  • Q. hlas “ear” ✧ PE17/062
  • ᴺS. lhassa- “to hear”
  • ᴺS. lhae- “to hear”
  • S. lheweg “ear” ✧ PE17/062

Variations

  • S-LAS ✧ PE17/062
  • SLAS/S-LAS ✧ PE17/185
Primitive elvish [PE17/062; PE17/077; PE17/185] Group: Eldamo. Published by

slas

noun. ear

Derivations

Derivatives

  • Q. hlas “ear” ✧ PE17/077
Primitive elvish [PE17/077] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lassē

noun. leaf

Derivations

  • LAS “leaf” ✧ PE17/153; VT39/09

Derivatives

  • Q. lassë “leaf, leaf; [ᴱQ.] petal” ✧ Let/282; PE19/106; PE19/106; VT39/09
  • S. lass “leaf, leaf; [G.] petal”

Element in

Primitive elvish [Let/282; PE17/153; PE18/089; PE19/106; PE21/82; VT39/09] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lemek

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s illustrating certain phonetic combinations (PE19/98), and therefore possibly not a “real” root.

Primitive elvish [PE19/098] Group: Eldamo. Published by

phut

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) as an etymological variation of √PUT (PE18/90).

Primitive elvish [PE18/090] Group: Eldamo. Published by

sal

root. [unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre

The unglossed root ᴱ√SALA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. salma “lyre, small harp” and ᴱQ. salumbe “harping, music” (QL/81). The root √SAL appeared again Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s to illustrate the reformed perfect form of its verb Q. asálie (PE22/132), but since these later forms are unglossed it is unclear whether they have the same meaning (“✱harp(ing)”) as the earlier version of the root.

Derivatives

  • Q. sal- “[unglossed]” ✧ PE22/133
Primitive elvish [PE22/133] Group: Eldamo. Published by

stuk

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected section of the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, serving to illustration certain phonetic developments: ✶stuknā > Q. thúna (PE19/86).

Derivatives

Primitive elvish [PE19/086] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tig

root. [unglossed]

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as the basis for the verb Q. tinga- “go (for a long while)” (PE22/157). The etymology was marked with an “X” and so was probably a transient idea (PE22/157 note #70).

Derivatives

  • Q. tinga- “to go (for a long while)” ✧ PE22/157
Primitive elvish [PE22/157] Group: Eldamo. Published by

graw Reconstructed

root. [unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart

This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

Derivatives

  • grawa “dog” ✧ VT47/35
    • Q. röa “dog” ✧ VT47/35
  • grā “dog, bear” ✧ VT47/35
    • S. graw “bear” ✧ VT47/12

Variations

  • grāw(ɜ) ✧ VT47/35 (grāw(ɜ))
Primitive elvish [VT47/35] Group: Eldamo. Published by