#taina (2) noun "sign", isolated from Tainacolli *"Sign-bearer" MR:385
Quenya
sarmë
writing
sarmë
noun. writing
Derivations
- √SAR “score, incise; write, score, incise; [extended sense] write; [ᴹ√] *stone”
Variations
- sarme ✧ VT39/08
taina
sign
tengwa
noun. sign
sign, indicator, letter
tengwa
letter
tengwa (pl. tengwar is attested) (1) noun "letter" Tengwa (ñ) is defined as "any one visible sign representing (theoretically) any one audible teñgwe" (phoneme) (VT39:17). In non-technical usage tengwa was equivalent to "consonant", since only the consonants were full signs (WJ:396, TEK). In the Etymologies, tengwa was apparently emended from tengwë (VT46:17).
tengwë
indication, sign, token
tengwë (pl. tengwi attested) noun "indication, sign, token", in linguistics used for phonemes(VT39:7, WJ:394); hloníti tengwi "phonetic signs" (WJ:395). The term tengwë was particularly associated with consonants (VT39:16). In the Etymologies, stem TEK, tengwë is glossed "writing"; this gloss would seem to be obsolete (for this meaning the word sarmë occurs in Tolkien's later material).
tengwë
noun. sign, token, indication; writing, sign, token, indication; writing; [ᴱQ.] knowledge, understanding; idea, notion, thought
Derivations
- ✶tekmē “writing, grammar” ✧ PE19/086
- √TEK “make a written mark, sign, write, make a written mark, sign, write, [ᴹ√] write or draw (signs or letters)” ✧ PE19/086
- ✶teñwe “sign, token, indication” ✧ VT39/04; VT39/17; WJ/394
- √TEÑ “indicate, signify, show, represent, betoken, mark, to point at, indicate, signify, show, represent, betoken, mark, to point at; [ᴱ√] know, understand” ✧ VT39/04; VT39/15; WJ/394
Element in
- ᴺQ. calatengwë “photograph, (lit.) light-writing”
- Q. lambetengwë “consonant” ✧ VT39/16
- Q. náva-tengwë “consonant” ✧ VT39/08
- Q. pávatengwë “consonant” ✧ VT39/08
- ᴺQ. nwátengwë “irony, (lit.) disguise-token”
- Q. óma-tengwë “vowel-sign” ✧ VT39/08; VT39/16
- ᴺQ. tengwelanga “transcription”
- Q. tengwelë “language (general term), language (general term); [ᴱQ.] sense” ✧ VT39/16
- Q. tengwesta “grammar, morphology, system or code of signs, collection of matter concerning writing, *language structure” ✧ PE21/82; VT39/16; WJ/394
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶tekmē > tengwe [tekmē] > [tegmē] > [teŋmē] > [teŋgwē] > [teŋgwe] ✧ PE19/086 ✶teñgwe > tengwe [teŋwe] > [teŋgwe] ✧ VT39/04 ✶teñ-we > teñgwe [teŋwe] > [teŋgwe] ✧ VT39/17 ✶tenwe > tengwe [teŋwe] > [teŋgwe] ✧ WJ/394 Variations
- tengwe ✧ PE19/086 (tengwe); VT39/04; VT39/05; VT39/07; WJ/394; WJ/396
- teñgwe ✧ PE21/82; VT39/16; VT39/17
sarat
letter
sarat (pl. sarati given) noun "letter", any individual significant mark, used of the letters of Rúmil after the invention of Fëanor's tengwar (WJ:396). Cf. sarmë.
tanna
sign, token
tanna (1) noun "sign, token" (MR:385, PE17:186), also tanwa (PE17:186)
tanwa
sign, token
tanwa noun "sign, token" (Tolkien marked this word with a query, but it is not clearly rejected). Also tanna (#1). (PE17:186)
narwë
sign, token
[narwë (and short nar, unless this is an incomplete form) noun "sign, token"] (VT45:37)
parma
noun. book, writing, composition, written document of some size, book, writing, composition, written document of some size; [ᴱQ.] skin, bark; parchment
Cognates
- T. parma “book”
Derivations
- √PAR “peel, peel, *bare” ✧ PE17/086; PE17/171
Element in
- Q. antanen parma sen “I gave a book to him” ✧ PE17/091
- Q. antanenyes parmanen “I presented him with a book” ✧ PE17/091
- Q. cesë parma “to look in a book” ✧ PE17/156
- Q. henta parma “to read a book” ✧ PE17/156
- Q. nai elen siluva parma-restalyanna meldonya “*may a star shine upon your book-fair, my friend” ✧ VT49/39
- Q. nai laurë lantuva parmastanna lúmissen tengwiesto “may (a) golden light fall on your book at the times of your reading” ✧ VT49/47
- Q. paranye parmanen “I am learning by means of a book” ✧ PE17/180
- Q. apárien parmanen “I have learnt by means of a book” ✧ PE17/180
- ᴺQ. parmacas “bookcase”
- Q. parmahenta- “*to read”
- Q. parmahentië “(book) reading” ✧ PE17/077
- ᴺQ. parmahto “author”
- Q. Parmaitë “*Book Handy” ✧ UTI/Parmaitë
- ᴺQ. parmalas(së) “page, (lit.) leaf of book”
- Q. parma mittarion “*book of enterings” ✧ PMCH/01; TMME/192
- Q. Parmaquesta “Book-language”
- Q. parma-resta “*book-fair” ✧ VT49/39
- ᴺQ. parmassë “library”
- Q. parmatéma “p-series”
- ᴺQ. quettaparma “wordlist, wordbook”
- ᴺQ. toluparma “scroll, (lit.) roll-book”
- ᴺQ. tentaparma “recipe book, instruction book”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √PAR > parma [parmā] > [parma] ✧ PE17/086 √PAR > parma [parmā] > [parma] ✧ PE17/171
parma
noun. book
book, writing, composition
parma
book
parma noun "book", also name of tengwa #2 (PAR, Appendix E). In early "Qenya", the gloss was "skin, bark, parchment, book, writings" (LT2:346); Tolkien later revisited the idea that parma basically is a noun "peel" and refers to bark or skin (as primitive writing materials, PE17:86): "peel, applied to bark or skin, hence "book", bark (literally skinning, peeling off), parchment, book; a book (or written document of some size")" (PE17:123). In the meantimeTolkien had associated the word with a root PAR meaning "compose, put together" (LR:380); the word loiparë "mistake in writing" (q.v.) may also suggest that the root PAR at one point was to mean "write", so that a parma was a "written thing". Instrumental form parmanen "with a book" or "by means of a book" (PE17:91, 180), parmastanna "on your book" (with the endings -sta dual "your", -nna allative) (VT49:47), parmahentië noun "book reading" (PE17:77). Other compounds: parmalambë noun "book-language" = Q[u]enya (PAR), #parma-resta noun "book-fair", attested with the endings -lya "thy" and the allative ending -nna (parma-restalyanna *"upon your book-fair") (VT49:38, 39). Parma as the name of the tengwa letter for P occurs compunded in parmatéma noun "p-series", labials, the second column of the Tengwar system (Appendix E).
sarmë noun "writing" (VT39:8). Cf. sarat.