arato

noble

arato noun "a noble" (PE17:147), in PE17:118 given as aratō and there glossed "lord" (often = "king"). Cf. aráto. The form cited in the latter source, aratō with a long final vowel, is evidently very archaic (compare Enderō under Ender); later the vowel would become short. (PE17:118)

Ara-

noble

Ara-, ar- a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" (PM:344). In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername (amilessë, q.v.) of Fingolfin (PM:360, cf. 344), Arafinwë "Finarfin" (MR:230)

arquen

noble

arquen noun "a noble" (WJ:372), "knight" (PE17:147)

rauta

metal

rauta noun "metal" [meaning changed by Tolkien from "copper"]. Notice that in the LotR, the word for metal is given as tinco. (RAUTĀ)

tinco

metal

tinco noun "metal" (TINKŌ), also name of tengwa #1 (Appendix E, there spelt "tinco", but "tinko" in Etym); tincotéma noun "t-series", dental series, first column of the Tengwar system (Appendix E)

tinco

noun. metal

Derivations

• ᴹ√TINKŌ “metal”

Element in

• ᴺQ. tincina “metallic”
• Q. tincotéma “t-series”

-rod

suffix. -rod

suff.

arod

adjective. noble

arod

noble

1b _adj._noble. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

adj. #noble.

arod

adjective. noble

d adj. noble. Q. arata. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

Cognates

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/186
• T. aráta “noble” ✧ PM/363

Derivations

• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PE17/039; PE17/186; PM/363; VT41/09
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/049
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• S. Arodreth “Noble Endurance” ✧ PE17/182
• S. Arothir “Noble Lord”
• S. Finrod ✧ VT41/09
• S. Thinrod “noble member of the Thindrim” ✧ VT41/09

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶arātā > arod	[arātā] > [arāta] > [arǭta] > [arauta] > [araut] > [araud] > [arod]	✧ PM/363

grod

noun. large excavation, delving, underground dwelling

raud

noun. metal

raud

noun. metal

Element in

• S. Rodëol “metal of Eöl” ✧ WJ/322

raud

adjective. noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent

Cognates

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/118; PE17/147

Derivations

• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/118; PE17/186
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• S. Amrod “*High and Lofty”
• S. Angrod “*Iron Champion”
• S. Rodwen “High Virgin Noble”
• S. Finrod ✧ PE17/049
• S. rodel “lady, high lady” ✧ PE17/049
• S. Rodnor
• S. Rodon “Vala” ✧ PE17/118; PE17/186

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶(a)rātā > raud	[rātā] > [rāta] > [rǭta] > [rauta] > [raut] > [raud]	✧ PE17/049
✶(a)rā́tā > raud	[rātā] > [rāta] > [rǭta] > [rauta] > [raut] > [raud]	✧ PE17/118
✶rāta > raud	[rāta] > [rǭta] > [rauta] > [raut] > [raud]	✧ PE17/186

Variations

• raud ✧ PE17/049; PE17/118; PE17/147; PE17/186

groth

noun. large excavation, delving, underground dwelling, large excavation, delving, underground dwelling; [N.] cave, tunnel, [G.] grot

A noun for a large excavation (WJ/415) or a cave or tunnel (EtyAC/ROT) with variants groth and grod, the former seen in names like Menegroth “Thousand Caves” and the latter in names like Novrod “Hollow-delving” (later Nogrod “Dwarf-delving”). It was derived from strengthened forms ✶grottā or grotā of the root √ROT (WJ/414-415).

Conceptual Development: The earliest iteration of this word was (archaic) G. †roth “cave, grot” from the early root ᴱ√roto (GL/65); this root was glossed “hollow” in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/80). Both strengthened and unstrengthened variants N. groth and roth “cave, tunnel” appeared under the root ᴹ√ROT “bore, tunnel”, a late entry to The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/ROT). Suffixal forms -roth, -rod were mentioned in passing in Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s as derivatives of √ROT “cave” in connection to the name S. Nimrodel (PE17/49).

A fairly lengthy discussion of these words appeared in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 (WJ/414-415), where Tolkien gave the root form as √groto “dig, excavate, tunnel” contrasted with √rono “arch over, roof in”. Tolkien also compared groth/grod to S. rond “vaulted or roofed chamber”, only the latter of which “could be applied both to natural and to artificial structures”. Of the two Tolkien said:

> Though distinct in origin the derivatives of ✱groto and ✱rono naturally came into contact, since they were not dissimilar in shape, and a ✱rondō was usually made by excavation. Thus S groth < ✱grottā (an intensified form of grod < ✱grotā) “a large excavation” might well apply to a rond. Menegroth means “the Thousand Caves or Delvings”, but it contained one great rond and many minor ones (WJ/415).

Neo-Sindarin: Despite Tolkien’s comments in the Quendi and Eldar essay, there are some cases where grod/groth seems to apply to natural caves as well as excavated ones, such as Nimrodel “Lady of the White Cave” and Androth “✱Long Cave”. As such, I would use it for both natural and excavated caverns.

Cognates

• Q. rotto “small grot, tunnel, tunnel, small grot, [ᴹQ.] cave”

Derivations

• √ROT “cave; delve underground, dig, excavate, tunnel, [ᴹ√] bore; [ᴱ√] hollow, delve underground, dig, excavate, tunnel, [ᴹ√] bore; [ᴱ√] hollow; [√]cave” ✧ PE17/049
• ✶grottā “(large) excavation, underground dwelling” ✧ WJ/414; WJ/415; WJ/415
  • √ROT “cave; delve underground, dig, excavate, tunnel, [ᴹ√] bore; [ᴱ√] hollow, delve underground, dig, excavate, tunnel, [ᴹ√] bore; [ᴱ√] hollow; [√]cave” ✧ VT39/09; WJ/414; WJ/415

Element in

• S. Androth “*Long Cave”
• S. Menegroth “Thousand Caves” ✧ SA/groth; WJ/415
• S. Nimrodel “Lady of the White Cave” ✧ PE17/049; SA/groth
• S. Nogrod “Hollowbold; (lit.) Hollow-delving, (later) Dwarf-delving” ✧ SA/groth; SA/naug
• north S. Novrod “Hollowbold” ✧ SA/groth; WJ/414; WJ/414

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ROT > -roth/rod	[-rottā] > [-rotta] > [-rottʰa] > [-roθθa] > [-roθθ] > [-roθ]	✧ PE17/049
✶(g)rotā > grod	[grotā] > [grota] > [grot] > [grod]	✧ WJ/414
✶grottā > groth	[grottā] > [grotta] > [grottʰa] > [groθθa] > [groθθ] > [groθ]	✧ WJ/415

Variations

• grod ✧ SA/groth; WJ/414; WJ/415

arth

adjective. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted)

arphen

noun. a noble

tinc

metal

tinc (i dinc, o thinc), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thinc), coll. pl. tingath. The word rhaud “metal” occurring in the Etymologies would normally be ”updated” to Sindarin in the form raud, but since raud appears with different meanings in later sources (see

tinc

metal

(i** dinc, o thinc), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thinc), coll. pl. tingath. The word rhaud** “metal” occurring in the Etymologies would normally be ”updated” to Sindarin in the form raud, but since raud** appears with different meanings in later sources (see

tinc

eminent

should at least be preferred for clarity).

raud

noble

(eminent, high), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed.  4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

ross

polished metal

(glitter), pl. ryss (idh** ryss**). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”spray, foam, rain, dew”. For concrete metals, see

brand

noble

(high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

groth

large excavation

groth (i **roth) (cave, delving), pl. gryth (in gryth**)

groth

large excavation

groth (i **roth) (cave, delving), pl. gryth (in gryth**);

ar

noble

(adjectival prefix) ar- (high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar

noble

(high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

arn

noble

(adjective) 1) arn (royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic *araud), pl. aroed. 2) brand (high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind; 3) raud (eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

arn

noble

(royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic ✱araud), pl. aroed.

galvorn

copper, gold,  iron, silver

(i** ’alvorn, pl. gelvyrn [in ngelvyrn*] if there is a pl.), a black metal made by the Dark Elf Eöl. (WJ:322)*

mithril

copper, gold,  iron, silver

(i** vithril, no distinct pl. form except with article [i** mithril], coll. pl. ?mithrillath). The description of mithril may seem to fit titanium.

arphen

noble

(noun, "a noble") 1) arphen, pl. erphin; 2) raud (eminent man, champion), pl.roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.

arphen

noble

pl. erphin

arwen

noble woman

(pl. erwin).****

aráta

adjective. noble

Cognates

• S. arod “noble” ✧ PM/363

Derivations

• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PM/363
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186

Element in

• T. aráto “*noble”

Variations

• arāta ✧ PM/363

rhaud

noun. metal

rhaud

noun. metal

Cognates

• ᴹQ. rauta “metal” ✧ Ety/RAUTĀ

Derivations

• On. rauta “metal” ✧ Ety/RAUTĀ
  • ᴹ√RAUTA “metal” ✧ Ety/RAUTĀ

Element in

• N. Damrod “hammerer of copper” ✧ Ety/RAUTĀ
• N. Angrod ✧ Ety/RAUTĀ
• N. Finrod ✧ Ety/RAUTĀ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. rauta > rhaud	[rauta] > [rǭta] > [routa] > [rauta] > [raut] > [r̥aut] > [r̥aud]	✧ Ety/RAUTĀ

tinc

noun. metal

tinc

noun. metal

Cognates

• ᴹQ. tinko “metal” ✧ Ety/TINKŌ

Derivations

• ᴹ√TINKŌ “metal” ✧ Ety/TINKŌ

Element in

• ᴺS. tingen “metallic”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√TINKŌ > tinc	[tiŋko] > [tiŋko] > [tiŋkʰo] > [tiŋxo] > [tiŋx] > [tiŋk]	✧ Ety/TINKŌ