tul

root. come, approach, move towards (point of speaker), come, approach, [ᴹ√] move towards (point of speaker); [ᴱ√] fetch, bear, bring; (originally) uphold, support, bear, carry

The root √TUL was used for Elvish words having to do with motion towards a speaker for much of Tolkien’s life, but the precise meaning evolved over time. The earliest appearance of this root was as ᴱ√TULU “fetch, bear, bring; move, come”, but with an original sense = “uphold, support, bear, carry” (QL/95). It had a derived verb ᴱQ. tulu- matching the verbal sense of the root along with an added sense “produce, bear fruit”, but it had other derivatives like ᴱQ. tulma “bier, tray” and ᴱQ. tulwe “tall thin pillar, standard, pole; banner” connected to the older “support” sense of the root. It had a similar divergence of meaning in its derivatives from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, such as G. taul “a pillar” vs. G. tul- “bring; come to” (GL/69, 71). This 1910s root ᴱ√TULU may also have been connected to ᴱ√TḶPḶ which likewise had derivatives having to do with “support” (QL/93).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root ᴹ√TUL had the gloss “come, approach, move towards (point of speaker)” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tul-/N. tol- “come” and ᴹQ. tulta-/N. toltha- “send for, fetch, summon” = “(orig.) make come” (Ety/TUL); in the 1930s the “support” words seem to have been transferred to (probably unrelated) ᴹ√TULUK. √TUL “come” was mentioned regularly in Tolkien’s later writings (PE22/103; PE17/188; PE22/156), in one 1969 note with the extra gloss “approach” (PE22/168), so the 1930s senses for the root seem to have been retained thereafter.

tul-

verb. come, is coming, has come, is here, I come, have come

tultā-

verb. to make come, fetch, send (from point of view of receiver)

tulyā-

verb. to cause to come, send for, fetch, summon

tulku

noun. prop, support

stal

root. strong

The unglossed root ᴹ√STALAG appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like N. thala “stalwart, steady, firm” and N. thalion “hero, dauntless man” (Ety/STÁLAG), the latter a sobriquet of Húrin typically translated as “Steadfast” in the narratives themselves (S/199). Similar forms appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s derived from the primitive form ᴱ✶stalga (PE13/153).

The root √STAL “strong” was mentioned in passing as the basis for the adjective Q. astalda in a rejected page associated with roots having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s (PE17/115; VT47/26 note #26). The name Q. Astaldo “Valiant” appeared as a sobriquet of Tulkas in later versions of The Silmarillion (S/28), replacing the earlier name Q. Poldórëa of similar meaning (MR/146, 149; LR/206). For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume √STAL (and its derivatives) means “✱valiant” rather than “strong”.

lemek

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s illustrating certain phonetic combinations (PE19/98), and therefore possibly not a “real” root.

phut

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) as an etymological variation of √PUT (PE18/90).

sal

root. [unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre

The unglossed root ᴱ√SALA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. salma “lyre, small harp” and ᴱQ. salumbe “harping, music” (QL/81). The root √SAL appeared again Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s to illustrate the reformed perfect form of its verb Q. asálie (PE22/132), but since these later forms are unglossed it is unclear whether they have the same meaning (“✱harp(ing)”) as the earlier version of the root.

stuk

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected section of the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, serving to illustration certain phonetic developments: ✶stuknā > Q. thúna (PE19/86).

te

pronoun. they

tig

root. [unglossed]

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as the basis for the verb Q. tinga- “go (for a long while)” (PE22/157). The etymology was marked with an “X” and so was probably a transient idea (PE22/157 note #70).

tī

pronoun. they

graw Reconstructed

root. [unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart

This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

tulkas

masculine name. Tulkas

Name of the strongest (physically) of the Valar, spouse of Nessa (S/26). His Quenya name was an adaption of his Valarin name Tulukhastāz “Golden-haired” (WJ/399), but it might have been interpreted as a derivative of the adjective [ᴹQ.] tulka “firm, strong, immovable, steadfast” after the original meaning was lost. This is one of the names Tolkien consistently spelled with a “k” (like Kementári and Melkor) despite normally representing the [k]-sound with “c” in Elvish.

Conceptual Development: This name dates back to the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/66), and ᴱQ. Tulkas appeared in the Qenya Lexicon as a derivative of the root ᴱ√TULUKU alongside words meaning “steady, firm” and “to establish” (QL/95, LT1A/Tulkas). This name had essentially the same meaning in The Etymologies from the 1930s, where ᴹQ. Tulkas appeared as an derivative of the same root ᴹ√TULUK, from primitive ᴹ✶Tulkathŏ (Ety/TULUK). The idea that it was an adaptation of a Valarin name did not emerge until the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 (WJ/399).

In The Etymologies, Tolkien gave the (ᴹQ) genitive form of this name as Tulkassen, implying a stem form Tulkass-. This stem form doesn’t same to fit its later derivation from Val. Tulukhastāz, however.

Tulkas

tulkas

Tulkas (Tulkass-, as in dat.sg. Tulkassen) masc. name, used of a Vala, adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399, TULUK)

tul-

verb. to come, to come, [ᴱQ.] move (intr.); to bring, carry, fetch; to produce, bear fruit

The Quenya verb for “to come”, which is very well-attested. It is derived from the root √TUL whose basic sense is “move towards the speaker” (PE17/188), as in “come here”: á tule sís. English may also use “come with” in the sense “accompany” such as “I will come with you”, but Quenya uses men- (“go”) for this purpose (PE22/162), such as menuvan ó le = “I will go with you”.

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. tulu- dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where it appeared under the early root ᴱ√TULU, but in that early document it has a much broader set of glosses: “(1) bring, carry, fetch; (2) intr. move, come; (3) produce, bear fruit” (QL/95). By the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s its list of glosses was reduced to “come” (PE14/57), and Tolkien used the verb only to mean “come” thereafter. Tolkien often used this verb in grammatical examples, which is part of the reason it is so well-attested.

tulusta

noun. advent, arrival

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. tuluste “arrival” in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 as a combination of the verb ᴹQ. tul- “come” with the general action suffix ᴹQ. -stḗ (PE22/110). In Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s, the suffix became -sta and this noun became tulusta “advent, arrival” (PE22/137).

tulya-

verb. *to lead; to fetch, *to lead; to fetch; [ᴱQ.] to bring, send

Tolkien used this verb with several similar meanings throughout his life. Its earliest appearance was in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s where it was glossed “send, bring” (PE14/58), and in Early Qenya Word-lists from the same period it was glossed “bring” (PE16/133). In Quendian & Common Eldarin Verbal Structure (EVS1) from the 1940s, Tolkien had primitive ᴹ✶tulyā- “send hither” along with a statement that “causatives from verbs [verbal roots] more often used yā” (PE22/98).

Primitive ✶tuljā- “fetch” reappeared as another example of a ya-causative in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s, where it also had a more extensive translation “cause to come, send for, fetch, summon” (PE22/135). The verb appeared again in the phrase Q. álamë tulya úsahtienna “lead us not into temptation” in Quenya prayers from the late 1950s, replacing a verb mittanya- presumably of similar meaning (VT43/22). The verb appeared a final time in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as yet another example of a ya-causative verb (PE22/164); in this set of documents the related verbal noun tulyandë was glossed “fetching” (PE22/137).

The relationship between this verb and its root √TUL is somewhat tricky. In the 1910s, the early root ᴱ√TULU had a broad meaning, originally “uphold, support, bear, carry” and thus by extension “fetch, bring” and “move, come” (QL/95). This early meaning of the root may have influenced the 1920s glosses “send, bring” for tulya-. From the 1930s forward, however, √TUL was limited in sense to “come = move toward the speaker” (Ety/TUL; PE17/188). A causative form of this root therefore would mean “cause to come”. This could apply to ya-causative tulya-, as with primitive ✶tulyā- in EVS1 and EVS2 (see above). However, Tolkien often used ta-causative tulta- to mean “send (for), summon = cause to come” instead (Ety/TUL; PE22/114, 156).

Neo-Quenya: It is not clear whether Tolkien intended ya-causative tulya- and ta-causative tulta- to coexist. The only document in which they both appear is 1969 LVS (PE22/164). That package of documents includes many hypothetical examples, so it still is not clear whether both verbs were “real” in the context of in-universe Elvish. For purposes of Neo-Quenya, however, I assume the two verbs coexist with slightly different meanings: tulta- “fetch = cause to come > summon [someone]” and tulya- “fetch = cause to come with > bring [something]”.

This interpretation of tulya- as “bring, fetch” is largely consistent with its use in the 1920s through 1960s. In the Quenya prayer noted above, the translation “bring” also works: álamë tulya úsahtienna “✱bring us not into temptation” as an alternative to “lead us not into temptation”. As such I think tulya- = “lead” only in the sense “bring someone someplace”, and not “lead” in the sense of “give guidance and leadership”.

tul-

verb. come

tul- vb. "come" (WJ:368), 1st pers. aorist tulin "I come" (TUL), 3rd pers. sg. tulis "(s)he comes" (VT49:19), perfect utúlië "has come" (utúlien "I am come", EO), utúlie'n aurë "Day has come" (the function of the 'n is unclear; it may be a variant of the article "the", hence literally "the Day has come"). Past tense túlë "came" in LR:47 and SD:246, though an alternative form *tullë has also been theorized. Túlë in VT43:14 seems to be an abnormal aorist stem, later abandoned; tula in the same source would be an imperative. Prefixed future tense entuluva "shall come again" in the Silmarillion, future tuluva also in the phrase aranielya na tuluva* "may thy kingdom come" (VT44:32/34), literally apparently "thy kingdom, be-it-that (it) will come". In early "Qenya" we have the perfects tulielto "they have come" (LT1:114, 270, VT49:57) and tulier "have come", pl., in the phrase I·Eldar tulier "the Eldar have come"(LT1:114, 270). Read probably utúlieltë, Eldar utúlier** in LotR-style Quenya.

tulta-

verb. send for, fetch, summon

tulta- vb. "send for, fetch, summon" (TUL). Tultanelyes "you summoned him", changed by Tolkien to leltanelyes "you sent him" (possibly tulta- was meant to have the meaning "send" here, but Tolkien decided to use another word) (VT47:22)

tulyandë

noun. fetching, [process of] fetching

A noun for “[the process of] fetching” appearing in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s, a combination of the verb tulya- and the verbal noun suffix ✶-ndĭ or -ndē (PE22/137).

tulca

yellow

tulca (3) ("k") adj. "yellow". Adopted and adapted from Valarin; the normal Quenya word for "yellow" is rather malina (WJ:399)

tulca

firm, strong, immovable, steadfast

tulca (1) ("k") adj. "firm, strong, immovable, steadfast" (TULUK)

tulca-

verb. fix, set up, establish

tulca- (2) ("k") vb. "fix, set up, establish" (LT1:270)

tulco

support, prop

tulco ("k") noun "support, prop". Given the primitive form ¤tulku, the word would have the stem-form *tulcu*- and the plural form tulqui**. (TULUK)

tulma

bier

tulma noun "bier" (LT1:270)

tultaima

adjective. *fetchable, summonable

An untranslated adjective in notes from 1969, a combination of tulta- “send for, summon, fetch” and the suffix -ima “-able” (PE22/156), so “✱fetchable, summonable”.

tulu-

verb. fetch, bring, bear; move, come

tulu- vb. "fetch, bring, bear; move, come" (LT1:270; compare tulta- in Tolkien's later Quenya)

tulunca

steady, firm

tulunca ("k") adj. "steady, firm" (LT1:270; in Tolkien's later Quenya tulca)

tulwë

pillar, standard, pole

tulwë noun "pillar, standard, pole" (LT1:270)

tulya-

verb. lead

tulya- vb. "lead" (+ allative: lead into) (VT43:22)

tulta-

verb. to send (from point of view of receiver), to send (from point of view of receiver), [ᴹQ.] to send for, send hither, fetch, summon, (lit.) cause to come

tul-

verb. come

tulinwa

arrived, now at hand

tulma

noun. event

tulta-

verb. send; fetch

tultauvas sa nin

he will send it to me

tulusta

noun. advent, arrival

tulyande

noun. fetching

ettul-

verb. come forth

#ettul- vb. "come forth", attested in the form ettuler *"are coming forth" (ettul- = et + tul-). Read probably *ettulir* or continuative ettúlar** in Tolkien's later Quenya. (SD:290)

tullu-

verb. to occur, happen (i.e. come in time)

A neologism coined by Arael posted on 2023-11-21 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), an inceptive u-verb based on √TUL “come”; compare [ᴹQ.] tulma “event”.

tulussë

noun. future tense, (lit.) coming tense

A neologism coined by Luinyelle and Orondil on 2023-08-10, a combination of tul- “come” and [ᴺQ.] lussë “(verb) tense”; compare tulurya (adj.) “future”.

tulwië

noun. future

A neologism from original root TUL, on the basis of vanwië = "past time" (WAN, Ety/397).

tulyando

noun. leader

A neologism for a “leader” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT) based on tulya- “lead”. However, I think tulya- “lead” means “bring [someone or something to someplace]” rather than “guide or take charge of a group”, making it inappropriate for the sense “leader”. I would use other words such as cáno “commander” for a person who is the leader of a group.

tulmar tuller hyallë

things turned out differently, (lit.) events came differently

An idiomatic phrase coined by Luinyelle posted on 2024-01-31 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS).

tuluitë

adjective. *able to come

tulya

adjective. coming, approaching, future

@@@ Discord 2023-02-28 < PE ✱tárasā

tulca-

verb. to set up, establish, *found; to fix, stick in,

tulcarpa-

verb. to rebuke

@@@ first element unclear

tulcarpië

noun. rebuke

tuluhta-

verb. to support, prop (up), uphold

tulumaitië

adverb. probably

tulyaima

adjective. bringable, able to be brought

tulyaitë

adjective. able to bring

tulla

noun. rudder

A neologism for “rudder” coined by Helge Fauskanger in his NQNT (NQNT). My best guess is that it was intended to be derived from ✱TUR-lā = “✱controller”, with ancient rl becoming ll.

et

out

et prep. (and adv.?) "out", when followed by ablative "out of" (VT45:13) or literally "out from", as in EO: et Eärello "out of the Great Sea"; cf. also et sillumello "from this hour" in VT44:35. Et i pe/péti, untranslated phrase, perhaps "out of the mouth" (VT47:35). Prefixet- "forth, out" (ET), also in longer form ete- (as in etelehta, eteminya); verb ettuler "are coming forth" (ettul- = et + tul-). (SD:290; read probably *ettulir or continuative *ettúlar in Tolkien's later Quenya). The forms etemmë and etengwë (VT43:36) seem to incorporate pronominal suffixes for "us", hence ?"out of us", inclusive and exclusive respectively. The pronoun -mmë denoted plural inclusive "we" when this was written, though Tolkien would later make it dual exclusive instead (see -mmë). Second person forms are also given: etelyë, etellë ?"out of you", sg. and pl. respectively (Tolkien would later change the ending for pl. "you" from -llë to -ldë).

utúlien

utúlien

utúlien see tul- (EO)

á

immediate time reference

a (3), also á, imperative particle. An imperative with "immediate time reference" is expressed by á in front of the verb (or "occasionally after it, sometimes before and after for emphasis"), with the verb following in "the simplest form also used for the uninflected aorist without specific time reference past or present or future" (PE17:93). Cf. a laita te, laita te! "[o] bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally "o rule Manwë!" (see laita, vala for reference); cf. also á carë "do[!]", á ricë "try!", á lirë "sing[!]", á menë "proceed[!]", a norë "run[!]" (PE17:92-93, notice short a in this example), á tula "come!" (VT43:14). In the last example, the verb tul- "come" receives an ending -a that probably represents the _suffixed form of the imperative particle, this apparently being an example of the imperative element occurring both "before and after" the verbal stem "for emphasis" (PE17:93)_. This ending may also appear on its own with no preceding a/á, as in the command queta "speak!" (PE17:138). Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a include cena and tira (VT47:31, see cen-, tir-); the imperatives of these same verbs are however also attested as á tirë, á cenë (PE17:94) with the imperative particle remaining independent and the following verb appearing as an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject: á ricir! "let them try!" (PE17:93). Alyë (VT43:17, VT44:9) seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta "give thou" (elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"); presumably other pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, #ála or áva, q.v.

carpalos

noun. tulip, (lit.) hat-flower

A neologism coined by Valerie posted on 2024-05-07 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a variant form of carpë “hat” combined with LOTH “flower”. Thus its more archaic form would be maltaloþ.

-ltë

they

-ltë, 3rd person pl. pronominal suffix, "they" (VT49:51; cariltë "they do", VT49:16, 17). It alternates with -ntë in Tolkiens manuscripts (VT49:17, 57). In his early material, the ending also appears as -lto, occurring in Fíriel's Song (meldielto "they are beloved" and cárielto "they made"), also in LT1:114: tulielto "they have come" (cf. VT49:57). Compare -lta, -ltya as the ending for "their".

-uva

fill

-uva future tense ending. In avuva, caluva, cenuva, hiruva, (en)quantuva, (en)tuluva, laituvalmet, lauva, maruvan, termaruva, tiruvantes. A final -a drops out before the ending -uva is added: quanta- "fill", future tense quantuva (PE17:68). A verbal stem in -av- may be contracted when -uva follows, as when avuva is stated to have become auva (VT49:13). Origin/etymology of the ending -uva, see VT48:32. In VT49:30, the future tense of the verb "to be" is given as uva, apparently the future-tense "ending" appearing independently, but several other sources rather give nauva for "will be" (see ná #1).

caris

he/him, she/her, it

-s (1) 3rd person sg. pronominal ending "he/him, she/her, it" (VT49:48, 51), occurring in caris "he/she/it does" (VT49:16, PE17:129), caitas "it lies" (PE17:65), tentanes "it pointed" (VT49:26), tulis "(s)he comes" (VT49:19), eques (q.v.), anes (see ná #1), also (in object position) in camnelyes, caritas, caritalya(s), melinyes, tiruvantes, and utúvienyes, q.v. (Tolkien mentions -s as an "objective" ending for the 3rd person sg. in PE17:110.) The longer form -së (perhaps with personal meaning "he, she" only) is said to be "rare" (VT49:51); cf. násë "he is", nésë "he was" (see ná #1). In nésë the ending is suggested to be shortened from -sse (VT49:28), an ending that may also be attested in the untranslated verbal form tankassen (PE17:76), where it is perhaps followed by a second pronominal ending -n "me". According to PE17:129, the 3rd person sg. ending at one stage appeared as -ze "when pronominal affixes followed" (Tolkien citing the form carize-, e.g. apparently *carizet for "he makes them"); normally z would later become r, but it actually became (historically: reverted to) s by analogy with the short form caris as well as the independent pronoun se*. Exilic Quenya would then evidently have (e.g.) cariset for "he makes them", with a rare example of intervocalic s that is not derived from older þ**.

mittanya-

verb. to lead

mittanya- vb. "to lead" (+ allative: lead into) (VT43:10, 22; Tolkien may have abandoned this form in favour of tulya-)

-lto

they

-lto, "Qenya" pronominal ending "they"; see -ltë

-ltë

suffix. they

-ntë

they

-ntë "they", pronomimal ending, inflexion of 3rd person plural when no subject is previously mentioned (CO; see also VT49:49). This ending competes with -ltë (q.v.) in Tolkiens conception (VT49:57; for "they do", both carintë and cariltë are attested, VT49:16 vs. 17). The corresponding pronominal possessive suffix appears as -ntya or -nta in various sources.

-ntë

suffix. they

-ttë

they

-ttë (1) "they", dual 3rd person pronominal ending ("the two of them") (VT49:51), replacing (also within the legendarium) the older ending -stë (which was later used for the second person only). This older ending -stë corresponds to a possessive ending -sta "their" (VT49:16), but this was presumably likewise altered to *-tta as the new ending for dual "their" = "of the two of them".

Turcafinwë

strong, powerful (in body) finwë

Turcafinwë masc. name, "strong, powerful (in body) Finwë", masc. name; he was called Celegorm in Sindarin. Short Quenya name Turco. (PM:352), compare #turco "chief" (q.v.)

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

cairë

?. [unglossed]

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

finca

noun. [unglossed]

hendas

?. [unglossed]

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

hríva

place name. [unglossed]

háro

?. [unglossed]

lanu

lead

lanu noun "lead" (LT1:268)

lenna-

verb. to come, to come; [ᴹQ.] to go, depart

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

maitya

?. [unglossed]

malda

yellow, of golden colour

malda adj. "yellow, of golden colour" (PE17:51), variant of malina. An earlier source (the Etymologies, entry SMAL) has malda as the noun "gold" but LotR gives malta, q.v., and according to VT46:14 the form malta originally appeared in the Etymologies as well. Since Quenya sometimes uses adjectives as nouns (see for instance fanya), malda could still be regarded as a valid side-form of the noun malta "gold".

malina

yellow

malina adj. "yellow" (SMAL, Letters:308), "yellow, of golden colour" (PE17:51). Malinalda *"Yellow-tree", a name of Laurelin (SA:mal-; evidently malina + alda), translated "Tree of Gold" in the Silmarillion index. Cf. also malinornë.

malsa

?. [unglossed]

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

máriel

feminine name. [unglossed]

naue

?. [unglossed]

níva

?. [unglossed]

panya-

verb. fix, set

panya- vb. "fix, set" (PAN). The verb napan- (q.v.), "add" or literally *"to-set", may argue the existence of a shorter stem #pan- as well.

poldorë

strong, burly

poldorë noun? (not glossed, derived from polda "strong, burly": possibly "strength" as an abstract) (POL/POLOD)

quanta-

verb. fill

quanta- (2) vb. "fill" (PE17:68), cf. enquantuva "will refill" in Namárië. This verb seems to spring from a secondary use of the adjective quanta "full" as a verbal stem, whereas the synonym quat- (q.v.) is the original primary verb representing the basic root KWAT.

quat-

verb. fill

quat- vb. "fill" (WJ:392), future #quantuva "shall fill" (enquantuva "shall refill") (Nam, RGEO:67) Irrespective of the prefix en- "re", the form enquatuva (VT48:11) displays the expected future tense of quat-. The Namárië form enquantuva seems to include a nasal infix as well, which is possibly an optional feature of the future tense. On the other hand, PE17:68 cites the verb as quanta- rather than quat-, and then the future-tense form quantuva would be straightforward.

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

sanda

firm, true, abiding

sanda (þ) (1) adj. "firm, true, abiding" (STAN)

sélo

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

ta

they, them

ta (3) pron. "they, them", an "impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only to 'abstracts' or to things (such as inanimates) not by the Eldar regarded as persons" (VT43:20, cf. ta as an inanimate Common Eldarin plural pronoun, VT49:52). Compare te, q.v. The word ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of ta as an "impersonal" plural pronoun: emmë avatyarir ta** "we forgive them" (VT43:8, 9; this refers to trespasses, not the trespassers). However, since Tolkien also wanted ta to mean "that" (see #1 above), he may seem to be somewhat dissatisfied with ta "they, them", introducing variant forms like tai (VT49:32) to free up ta as a sg. pronoun. In one document, tai was in turn altered to te (VT49:33), which could suggest that the distinction between animate and inanimate "they, them" was abandoned and the form te (q.v.) could be used for both. In some documents, Tolkien seems to use tar as the plural form (VT49:56 mentions this as an uncertain reading in a source where the word was struck out; compare ótar under ó**-).

tai

they, them

tai (2) pron. "they, them", 3rd person pl., used with reference to inanimates rather than persons or living things (VT49:32, see ta #3 above). Perhaps to avoid the clash with tai "that which", the pronoun tai "they, them" was altered to te in at least one manuscript (VT49:33), so that it would merge with the pronoun used of living beings and the distinction between animate and inanimate would be abandoned (see te).

tanca

firm, fixed, sure

tanca ("k")adj. "firm, fixed, sure" (TAK)

tancata

verb. to make firm, fix

tarma

pillar

tarma noun "pillar" (SA:tar); Tarmasundar (þ) "the Roots of the Pillar", the slopes of Mt. Meneltarma in Númenor (UT:166)

tarma

noun. pillar

A word for “pillar” attested as an element in several words like Meneltarma “Pillar of Heaven” (SA/tar) and Tarmasundar “Roots of the Pillar” (UT/166). Christopher Tolkien suggested it was related to tar- “high” (SA/tar), but it could also be related to tar- “stand”.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. sūle “pillar, column” under the early root ᴱ√SULU (QL/87) and ᴱQ. taule “pillar” under the early root ᴱ√TAW̯A (QL/90). The word súle “column” also appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/87), while the plural form Tauler appeared in the Official Name List (PE13/104), both documents also from the 1910s.

te

they, them

te pron. "they, them", 3rd person pl. (VT49:51, LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308). The pronoun te represents an original stem-form (VT49:50). Dative ten, téna or tien "for them, to them" (q.v.) Stressed té (VT49:51). Ótë "with them", q.v. VT43:20 connects te "them" with a discussion of Common Eldarin pronominal stems (ca. 1940s), where te is the "personal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring to persons rather than abstracts or inanimates (which are denoted by ta instead; see, however, the entry ta #3 regarding the problems with this form, and the hints that te may possibly be used with reference to inanimates as well)). Also consider the reflexive pronoun intë "themselves", the final element of which is apparently this pronoun te; see also tú for the dual form.

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

toi

they

toi pron. "they" (FS; replaced by te in LotR-style Quenya?)

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

tyulussë

poplar-tree

tyulussë noun "poplar-tree" (TYUL)

tú

they, them

tú pron. "they, them", 3rd person dual ("the two of them"), both "personal and neuter" (the pronoun can be used of persons and things alike). (VT49:51) Tolkien also considered tet for the same meaning, listing it alongside tú in one source (VT49:56), but this form was apparently abandoned.

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

éna

?. [unglossed]

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

þúna

?. [unglossed]

tulu

noun. support, prop

A noun from The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “support, prop” derived from ON. tulugme < ᴹ✶tulukmē under the root ᴹ√TULUK (Ety/TULUK).

Conceptual Development: Earlier words of similar meaning include G. talp “prop or support” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√tlp (GL/69) and ᴱN. taichr “prop, support” from Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s derived from primitive ᴱ✶tank’rú (PE13/153). An earlier word of similar derivation was G. taul {“burden” >>} “a pillar” related to G. tul- “†to support” (GL/69).

tulus

noun. poplar-tree

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “poplar-tree”, cognate to ᴹQ. tyulusse, both derived from the root ᴹ√TYUL “stand up (straight)” (Ety/TYUL).

Conceptual Development: Earlier words for a poplar tree include G. cwithwiros “poplar” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s based on G. cwitha- “murmur” (GL/29) and ᴱN. {aigir >> lalath >>} loloth “poplar-tree” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/136, 149).

In Tolkien’s later writings he decided that initial palatized dentals like ty- were no longer a feature of Primitive Elvish, and he revised other derivatives of the root ᴹ√TYUL to use kyul- instead, most notably ✶kyul(u)mā > Q. tyulma “mast” (SD/419; PE21/74, 80).

Neo-Sindarin: I ignore this particular change for purposes of Neo-Eldarin as it requires us to abandon too many words; see the entry on how [[at|[j] was lost after initial dentals]] for further discussion. As such, I would retain tulus “poplar-tree” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin. If, however, you want to follow the later paradigm, you should adopt this Noldorin word as ᴺS. ✱culus “poplar-tree”.

tulu

noun. support, prop

tulus

noun. poplar-tree

tol-

verb. to come

adwen

noun. [unglossed]

An untranslated word appearing in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the late 1940s or early 1950s (PE23/26). It might be a later iteration of G. adhwen “approach, avenue” from the 1910s, or is perhaps related to S. adu and ᴹQ. atwa “double”.

belt

adjective. strong in body

borth

?. [unglossed]

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

diragas

?. [unglossed]

malen

adjective. yellow

malen

adjective. yellow, yellow, [ᴱN.] yellowish, pale, wan, sickly

mauth

?. [unglossed]

menwed

?. [unglossed]

nith

?. [unglossed]

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

níth

?. [unglossed]

pannod

verb. to fill

pathra-

verb. to fill

penia-

verb. to fix, to set

porennin

?. [unglossed]

tanc

adjective. firm

tanc

adjective. firm, firm; [ᴱN.] steady, steadfast; [G.] settled

tangada-

verb. to make firm, confirm, establish

telwen

?. [unglossed]

thand

adjective. firm, true, abiding

Misreading thenid, thenin rectified according to VT/46:16

thann

adjective. firm, true, abiding

Misreading thenid, thenin rectified according to VT/46:16

tog-

verb. to lead, bring

tog-

verb. to bring

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to bring” under the root ᴹ√TUK “draw, bring”, appearing in its (Noldorin-style) infinitive form tegi and its present tense form tôg (Ety/TUK). It was originally glossed as “to lead, bring”, but “lead” was crossed out (EtyAC/TUK).

tol-

verb. to come

toltha-

verb. to fetch, summon, make come

tulka

adjective. yellow

tulu

support

tulu (i dulu, o thulu) (prop), pl. tyly (i thyly)

tulus

poplar tree

tulus (i dulus, o thulus), pl. tylys (i thylys)

tulu

support

(i dulu, o thulu) (prop), pl. tyly (i thyly)

tulus

poplar tree

(i dulus, o thulus), pl. tylys (i thylys)

tol-

verb. to come

The basic Sindarin verb for “to come”, well attested from the 1930s-1960s and derived from the root √TUL of similar meaning (Ety/TUL; PE17/166; PE22/168; VT44/25). The Sindarin o was the result of the usual sound change whereby [[s|short [u] became [o]]] in Sindarin’s phonetic development.

Conceptual Development: A verb G. tul- appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, but there its meaning was “(1) bring; (2) come to” (GL/71), and in one place Tolkien said its original meaning was “to support” (GL/69). This is in keeping with the broader meaning of the early root ᴱ√TULU, which was glossed “fetch, bear, bring; move, come; (originally) uphold, support, bear, carry” (QL/95).

Tolchas

tulkas

Tolchas (na Dolchas, o Tholchas) (VT46:20), also called Enner

tolchas

tulkas

(na Dolchas, o Tholchas) (VT46:20), also called Enner

cidinn

?. [unglossed]

cinnog

?. [unglossed]

hand

noun. [unglossed]

madu

?. [unglossed]

maud

?. [unglossed]

panna-

verb. to fill

tag-

verb. to fix, to fix, *fasten, [G.] make firm, construct

This verb appeared in some rough notes from around 1969 in various past forms such tanc “fixed”, tancher/tanker “they fixed” and tanchen “I fix” (PE23/138 note #12). See the discussion of the Sindarin past tense for more detail on these past forms. The verb ✱tag- is clearly based on the root √TAK “fix, fasten”.

Conceptual Development: The verb G. tag- “fix, make firm, construct” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/68), likely based on the early root ᴱ√TAKA “fix, fasten” (QL/88).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use tag- only in the later sense of its root: “to fix, ✱fasten”. For “make firm” I would use [N.] tangad(a)- and for “construct” I would use [ᴱN.] adaba- “build”.

taug

adjective. firm

adj. firm, strong, ?withstand. Q. tauka stiff, wooden.

tolo

verb. come!

baran

yellow brown

(swart, dark brown, golden-brown), pl. berain.

bell

strong

1) (in body) *bell, lenited vell, pl. bill. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” belt. 2)

bell

strong

lenited vell, pl. bill. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” belt.

e

out

e, ed (away, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition: (WJ:367)

e

out

ed (away, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition:

estel

steady purpose

(hope, trust), pl. estil

glawar

laurelin, radiance of

(i ’lawar) (sunlight, gold), pl. glewair (in glewair) (VT41:10)

hîn

they

(of women) hîn. It is unclear whether Tolkien maintained this ”Noldorin” pronoun in Sindarin.

hîn

they

. It is unclear whether Tolkien maintained this ”Noldorin” pronoun in Sindarin.

malen

yellow

malen (lenited valen; pl. melin).

malen

yellow

(lenited valen; pl. melin).

mâl

yellow powder

(i vâl; construct mal) (pollen), pl. mail or archaic mely (i mail, i mely). Older pl. meil (LR:386 s.v. SMAL).

pathra

fill

pathra- (i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.

pathra

fill

(i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.

penia

fix

penia- (i benia, i pheniar) (set);

penia

fix

(i benia, i pheniar) (set);

pân

fixed board in a floor

(i bân, o phân, construct pan) (plank), pl. pain (i phain). Not to be confused with the adj. ✱pân ”all”.

taid

supporting

(adj.) taid, lenited daid, no distinct pl. form. Also used as a noun ”second-in-command”.

taid

supporting

lenited daid, no distinct pl. form. Also used as a noun ”second-in-command”.

tanc

firm

(adj.) tanc (lenited danc; pl. tainc)

tanc

firm

(lenited danc; pl. tainc)

tangada

make firm

(confirm, establish) (i dangada, i thangadar)

thafn

pillar

(wooden pillar) thafn (post), pl. ?thefn, coll. pl. thavnath

thafn

pillar

(post), pl. ?thefn, coll. pl. thavnath

thala

firm

1) thala (steady, stalwart), pl. ?theili, 2) thand (true, abiding), pl. thaind (VT46:16; notice that the forms “thenid” and “thenin” in LR:388 s.v. STAN represent misreadings of Tolkiens manuscript).

thala

firm

(steady, stalwart), pl. ?theili

thala

steady

thala (stalwart, firm), pl. ?theili;

thala

steady

(stalwart, firm), pl. ?theili;

thalion

strong

thalion (steadfast, dauntless), pl. thelyn. Also used as a noun ”hero, dauntless man”.

thalion

strong

(steadfast, dauntless), pl. thelyn. Also used as a noun ”hero, dauntless man”.

thand

firm

(true, abiding), pl. thaind (VT46:16; notice that the forms “thenid” and “thenin” in LR:388 s.v. STAN represent misreadings of Tolkien’s manuscript).

tog

lead

tog- (i dôg, i thegir, archaic i thögir), pa.t. tunc (i thyngir) (bring)

tog

lead

(i dôg, i thegir, archaic i thögir), pa.t. tunc (i thyngir) (bring)

tog

bring

tog- (i dôg, i thegir, archaic i thögir), pa.t. tunc (i thyngir) (lead)

tog

bring

(i dôg, i thegir, archaic i thögir), pa.t. tunc (i thyngir) (lead)

tol

come

tol- (i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254). MAKE COME, see FETCH

tol

come

(i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254).

toltha

fetch

(make come) toltha- (i doltha, i tholthar)

toltha

fetch

(i doltha, i tholthar)

asdi

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation (pronounced [azdi]) without giving its meaning (SD/421).

nakh-

verb. to come

A verb translated in the past tense as “came” (SD/247, 311), so probably meaning “to come”. Like kalab-, this is one of the few Adûnaic verbs attested in more than one conjugation. As such, it is useful in the study of Adûnaic verbs, in this case biconsonantal-verbs as opposed to triconsonantal kalab-.

It is attested in two forms, unakkha “he-came” and yanākhim “are at hand”. The initial elements in these forms are the 3rd-sg masculine pronominal prefix u- and the 3rd-pl neuter pronominal prefix ya-, respectively, while the latter form has the plural verbal suffix -m. Removing these elements leaves the conjugated forms nakkha and nākhi, which are the past and continuative-present tenses according to the theories used here. If the second form is the continuative-present, its literal meaning may be “are coming”.

Conceptual Development: In the draft version of the Lament of Akallabêth, this verb stem was apparently nek-, with past forms hunekkū >> unekkū “he-came”, with Tolkien vacillating on the proper form of the 3rd-sg masculine pronominal prefix u-.

sapda

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation without giving its meaning (SD/421).