ham-

sit

ham- (1) vb. "sit" (KHAM)

hamma

chair

hamma noun "chair" (VT45:20)

har-

sit, stay

har- vb. "sit, stay", pl. present hárar in CO (i hárar "those who sit, those who are sitting"). Imperative hara in the phrase (hara) máriessë "(stay) in happiness" (PE17:162). According to VT45:20, har- "sit" is derived from a stem KHAD which Tolkien abandoned in the Etymologies, but since CO is later than Etym, he may seem to have restored KHAD. If so, the past tense of har- would be *handë.

handa

chair

[?handa] (2) noun "chair"; the reading is uncertain and the word was in any case deleted (VT45:20). In the Etymologies, Tolkien likewise abandoned the root KHAD from which this word was derived, but he may seem to have restored this root later (see har-).

hamp

garment

hamp (i champ, o champ), pl. haimp (i chaimp), coll. pl. hammath coinciding with the coll. pl. of ham ”chair”.

hamp

garment

(i champ, o champ), pl. haimp (i chaimp), coll. pl. hammath coinciding with the coll. pl. of ham ”chair”.

ham

chair

ham (i cham, o cham), pl. haim (in chaim), coll. pl. hammath coinciding with the coll. pl. of hamp ”garment”. Also hanu (i chanu), analogical pl. heny (i cheny), coll. pl. likely hanwath since the archaic form was hanw (VT45:20)

ham

chair

(i cham, o cham), pl. haim (in chaim), coll. pl. hammath coinciding with the coll. pl. of hamp ”garment”. Also hanu (i chanu), analogical pl. heny (i cheny), coll. pl. likely hanwath since the archaic form was hanw (VT45:20)

hamma

clothe

(i chamma, i chammar)

hab

clothe

1) hab- (i châb, i chebir), pa.t. hamp; 2) hamma- (i chamma, i chammar)

hab

clothe

(i châb, i chebir), pa.t. hamp

hav

sit

hav- (i châf, i chevir), pa.t. hamp (with endings hemmi-, as in hemmin ”I sat”) or havant. (VT45:20)

hav

sit

(i châf, i chevir), pa.t. hamp (with endings hemmi-, as in hemmin ”

hadh-

verb. to sit

Derivations

• √KHAD “sit”

Element in

• ᴺS. hannen “seated”

caeda-

verb. sit

khad

root. sit

The roots √KHAD and √KHAM were in competition for words having to do with “sit” and “seat” for a significant portion of Tolkien’s life. Both roots have antecedants in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, but in that early document the root for “sit” was given as ᴱ√ÐORO or ᴱ√SORO (QL/85), replacing rejected ᴱ√SOŘO [ᴱ√SOÐO] and ᴱ√SODO (QL/85). Of these, the true form was clearly ᴱ√ÐORO given Gnomish derivative G. dorn “seat”, G. doros “throne”, G. dortha- “settle” (GL/30). This root seems to have been abandoned in Tolkien’s later writing, though N. dortha- “dwell, stay” was reassigned to ᴹ√NDOR in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/NDOR).

As for √KHAD and √KHAM, their clearest antecedents in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s were ᴱ√HAÐA “cleave, remain” and ᴱ√HAM (QL/39), the latter without gloss but with derivatives having to do with the ground such as ᴱQ. hamba “on the ground” and G. ham “ground” (QL/39; GL/48). Some variant of ᴱ√HAÐA seems to have drifted in the direction of “sit” based on ᴱN. haud “seat” from Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/147, 155).

Tolkien initially used the root ᴹ√KHAD for words having to do with “sit” and “seat” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/KHAM), but it was replaced by ᴹ√KHAM “sit” (Ety/KHAM) and this root seems to have survived for some time, since ᴹ√KHAM “sit down” appeared in the Quenya Verbal System from 1948 (PE22/103). However, at some point Tolkien added a new root ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon, name by name” to The Etymologies, and in this new entry he said “KHAM sit (replacing KHAD, cancelled)” indicating ᴹ√KHAD was restored (EtyAC/KHAM²). This seems to represent an ongoing vacillation between √KHAD and √KHAM in the 1930s and 40s.

However, √KHAD “sit” appeared in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa written around 1950 (PE18/95), Q. hárar “sit” (not ✱✱hámar) appears in Cirion’s Oath (UT/305), and in late notes on verbs from 1969 Tolkien had ✶khadmā “seat” as the basis for Q. hanw̃a S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √KHAM “sit” in this period, so it seems Tolkien chose √KHAD for “sit” in the 1950s and 60s.

Neo-Eldarin: I think √KHAD “sit” is the best choice for Neo-Eldarin, since it also lets us use ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon, name by name” more freely.

Derivatives

• ✶khadmā “seat”
  • Q. hanwa “seat, seat, *chair” ✧ PE22/148
  • S. hadhu “seat, seat, *chair” ✧ PE22/148
  • S. hadhwa- “to seat” ✧ PE22/148
• ✶khādo
  • Q. háro “[unglossed]” ✧ PE22/148
• ✶khazd- ✧ PE18/095
• Q. har- “to sit, stay, to sit, stay, [ᴱQ.] remain; [ᴹQ.] to dwell, abide, reside”
• ᴺQ. haru- “to sit down, take a seat”
• ᴺS. hadh- “to sit”
• S. hadhwa- “to seat”

hamp

noun. garment

hamp

noun. garment

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s for “garment” derived from the root ᴹ√KHAP “enfold” (Ety/KHAB).

Conceptual Development: Earlier garment words include G. baith “a garment” from the Gnomish Lexicon, ᴱN. baith “clothes, garments, dress” in Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/138) and ᴱN. gwab “garment” in both Early Noldorin word lists and the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s (PE13/123, 146). The collective plural ᴱN. gwablith of this last word was also used for “clothes”.

See N. hammad “clothing” for other similar words.

Cognates

• ᴺQ. hampë “clothing, garment”

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAP “enfold” ✧ Ety/KHAP

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHAP > hamp	[kʰampe] > [kʰampʰe] > [xampʰe] > [xamɸe] > [xamɸe] > [xamf] > [xamp] > [hamp] > [hamp]	✧ Ety/KHAP

ham

noun. (?) chair

hamma-

verb. to clothe

The form hamnia- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:21

hab-

verb. to clothe

haf-

verb. to sit

haf-

verb. to sit

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ham- “to sit (down), be situated in” ✧ Ety/KHAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAM “sit (down)” ✧ Ety/KHAM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHAM > haf-	[kʰam-] > [xam-] > [ham-] > [hav-]	✧ Ety/KHAM

hadh-

verb. sit

Changes

• hað- → haf- “sit” ✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAD ✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHAD > hað-	[kʰad-] > [xad-] > [xað-] > [hað-]	✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Variations

• hað- ✧ EtyAC/KHAM (hað-)