men-

verb. to go

The basic Sindarin verb for “go”, derived from the root √MEN (PE17/143). Its archaic past form emēnē was discussed in notes from around 1965 (PE17/93); its modern past would be ✱evín. It also appeared in its gerund form in the sentence niðin __mened__ “I have a mind to go, I intend to go” in notes from 1969 (PE22/165).

men

noun. road, way, road, way; [N.] *place

A word appearing in the name Men-i-Naugrim, variously translated as “Dwarf Road” (UT/280) or “Way of the Dwarves” (UT/472). In one place it had the form Menn (NM/372). It is clearly based on the root √MEN “go”.

Conceptual Development: This word also appeared in the (untranslated) name N. Men Falros in Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s (WR/326). In The Etymologies of the 1930s its cognate ᴹQ. men was translated “place, spot” (Ety/MEN), so in this period N. men might have meant “✱place” as in Men Falros = “✱Place of Splashing Foam”.

men

pronoun. us

men

noun. way, road

men

2nd pl

_ 2nd pl. pron. _us. >> ammen

men

pronoun. us

men-i-naugrim

place name. Dwarf Road, (lit.) Way of the Dwarves

The road through Mirkwood, glossed “Dwarf Road” (UT/280-281) and translated more literally “Way of the Dwarves” by Christoper Tolkien (UTI/Men-i-Naugrim). It is a combination of men “way”, i “the” and Naugrim “Dwarves”.

Men-i-naugrim

noun. way of dwarves

men (“way, road”) + in (pl. gen. article) + naug (“a dwarf”) + rim (class plural suffix)

-men

suffix. our

_1st pl. poss. suff. our.Maybe the excl. form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -em_. >> -em, -main

men

we

men (accusative mín ”us”, presumably usually lenited vín, which is also the genitive ”our”).

men

we

(accusative mín ”us”, presumably usually lenited vín, which is also the genitive ”our”).

adanath

noun. men

adanath

noun. men

adan (“man”) + ath (collective plural suffix)

-enc

suffix. our

_1st pl. poss. suff. _our.Maybe the incl. form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46.

-gir

2nd pl

2nd pl. pron. suff. #you. Q. -lle.See paradigm PE17:132.

-m

suffix. we

1st du. pron. suff. #we (you and me). Q. -mmo.See paradigm PE17:132.

-main

suffix. our

_1st pl. poss. suff. our.Maybe the excl. form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -em_. >> -em, -men

-nc

suffix. we

1st du. pron. suff. #we (you and me). Q. -lmo.See paradigm PE17:132. >> -ngid

Edenedair

noun. fathers of men

plural of adanadar < adan (“man”) + adar (“father”)

Rhovain

noun. 'Wild-Men

_ pl1. n. _lit. 'Wild-Men, Savages'. Q. pl1. Hrávani.

Rhûnedain

noun. 'Men of the East'

_ pl1. n. _lit. #'Men of the East', Men other than the Atani. Q. pl1. Hrónatani. >> rhûn

abonnen

noun/adjective. man, one born later than the Elves, a human being (elvish name for men)

adan

noun. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men)

adanadar

noun. man, one of the Fathers of Men

ai

pronoun. for those who

ammen

pronoun. of us, for us, toward us

aphadon

noun. man (elvish name for men)

aphadon

proper name. Men, (lit.) Followers

The Sindarin form of Q. Hildor “Men, (lit.) Followers” (WJ/387). It is a translation of the Quenya name rather than a true cognate, a combination of the Sindarin verb aphad- “to follow” and the personal suffix -on. A truer Sindarin cognate of Hildor is Echil.

aphadrim

noun. followers, men (elvish name for men)

aphadrim

noun. followers (men)

ab (prefix “after”) + pad- (“walk”) + rim (collective plural sufix)

bâd

noun. road, road, [N.] beaten track, pathway, [ᴱN.] way, [G.] path

This word appeared in its mutated form vâd “road” in notes from 1969 (PE23/136). The Etymologies of the 1930s had bâd “beaten track, pathway” derived from ON. bata &lt; ᴹ✶batā̆ under the root ᴹ√BAT “tread” (Ety/BAT).

Conceptual Development: A deleted noun G. {bad “way, path”} appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, apparently replaced by bad “building, outhouse, shed”; a similar word bad- “travel” was mentioned but not deleted (GL/21). The word bad also appeared (undeleted) in the name G. Bad Uthwen or Uswen “Way of Escape” in contemporaneous narratives and name lists of the 1910s (LT2/203; PE13/102; PE15/21). In this early period it was likely derived from the early root ᴱ√VAHA having to do with departure and travel (QL/99).

ᴱN. bad “way” reappeared in the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s (PE13/120) and Early Noldorin Word-lists from the same period (PE13/137, 160). A possible later variant can be seen in S. pâd “road, track” mentioned in an explanation of the name Tharbad (PE17/34); see that entry for discussion.

drúwaith

noun. the wilderness of the Drû-men (q.v.)

edenedair

collective name. Fathers of Men

A term that apparently refers to the leaders of the Edain (MR/373), a compound of the plurals of Adan “man” and adar “father”.

edennil

masculine name. Friend of Men

A name given to S. Finrod for his friendship with the Edain (MR/306). It is a compound of the plural of Adan “Man” and the suffix -dil “friend”.

firiath

noun. mortal men

fair (“mortal”) + ath (collective plural suffix)

gaurwaith

noun. wolf-men

gaurwaith

noun. wolf-men

(n-)gaur (“werewolves”) + gwaith (“people, folk”)

gaurwaith

proper name. Wolf-men

Name of the band of outlaws that Túrin joined, translated “Wolf-men” (UT/85), a combination of gaur “werewolf” and gwaith “people”.

gwaith

noun. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people

gwaith

noun. people; region, people, [ᴱN.] men, folk; [N.] manhood; man-power, troop of able bodied men, host, regiment; [S.] region

i glinn hen agorer edain mi velerian, ach hí in ellath îr ed epholar

*this song Men made in Beleriand, but now the Elves alone (?remember) it

min

adjective. our

mín

pronoun. us

mín

adjective. our

mín

pronoun. our

nern in adanath

legendarium of the Fathers of Men

nern in edenedair

legendarium of the Fathers of Men

nor-

verb. run (of men and animals using legs : not of fluids

_v. _run (of men and animals using legs : not of fluids, etc.). Pret. onur. >> noro, northa-

nor-

verb. to run (of men and animals using legs), to run (of men and animals using legs); [G.] to roll [of vehicles]

A verb for “to run”, most famously used in the phrase noro lim, noro lim Asfaloth “run swift, run swift, Asfaloth” (LotR/213; PE17/18). In Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien indicated its full meaning was “run (of men and animals using legs: not of fluids etc.)” (PE17/18), while in notes from around 1965 Tolkien said it meant “run (or leap: of animals, men etc.)” and was derived from the root √NOR of the same meaning (PE17/168).

Conceptual Development: This verb dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, which had G. nor- “run, roll” (GL/61), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√NORO “run, go smoothly, ride, spin” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Nornorë; QL/67). The root ᴹ√NOR reappeared in a rejected page of verbal roots in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948, where it was glossed “run as of wheels, roll along” (PE22/127). The verb N. nor- was also used in Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s in the untranslated phrase nora-lim, nora-lim (RS/196).

Neo-Sindarin: It is possible that by the 1950s and 60s, S. nor- could only be used for “run (with legs)”. However, for purposes of Neo-Sindarin I prefer to assume it could still be used of vehicles moving on wheels, but only when those vehicle are moving at or near full speed. It is clear that it cannot be used for running water, however.

os i veleglinn i edain agorer vi veleriann

*from the Great Song that men made in Beleriand

othlonn

noun. paved way

pâd

noun. way

rhevain

collective name. Wild-men, Savages

A term for savage humans, appearing both as Rhevain (WJ/219) and Rhovain (PE17/18). The term is the plural of the noun rhovan “wild beast”.

sad

noun. place, spot

A word meaning “place, spot” appearing in The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69, more precisely “a limited area naturally or artificially defined” (VT42/19-20). It was derived from √SAT “divide, mark off”.

sui mín i gohenam di ai gerir úgerth ammen

as we forgive those who trespass against us

The eighth line of Ae Adar Nín, Tolkien’s Sindarin translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT44/21). The first word is the preposition sui “as”. The second word has the same form as mín “our” but seems to function as men “us” (as it appeared in the first draft of this sentence). The third word is i “who”, followed by gohenam, the 2nd-pl inflection of the verb gohena- “to forgive” with its direct object di, the lenited form of the pronoun ti “them”.

The function of the sixth word ai (“those who”) is difficult to decipher. See the entry for that word for further discussion.

The seventh word gerir is a lenited form of cerir (as it appeared in the draft), which itself is the plural of the verb car- “to do”. This followed by úgerth, the plural of úgarth “trespass, ✱misdeed” and ammen “to us”, a combination of an “to, for” and men “us”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> sui mín i gohena-m di [← ti] ai gerir [← cerir] úgerth am-men = “✱as us who forgive-we them who do-(plural) trespasses to-us”

The sense of this phrase seems to be: “as us, who forgive those who do trespasses to us”.

Conceptual Development: Tolkien wrote a draft version (I) before producing a revised version (II) of this phrase (VT44/22, note on line 8). For “as we [us]”, Tolkien used the preposition sui “as” in both versions, but for “us” Tolkien wrote mín &gt;&gt; men in the draft, and then mí ni &gt;&gt; mín in the revision. Of these, men “us” seems to me to be the most consistent with Tolkien’s use of this pronoun elsewhere. Bill Welden discussed possible interpretations of this pronoun usage on VT44/28.

For “forgive”, Tolkien first wrote dihenam in the draft, which is another form of the verb díhena- “forgive” used in the previous line of the prayer. Tolkien replaced this with góhenam in the draft, which appeared as gohenam in the revised phrase. As pointed out by Bill Welden (VT44/29), it isn’t clear whether Tolkien intended to replace díhena- with gohena- generally as the Sindarin verb for “forgive”, or whether both verbs were valid with slightly different connotations.

See the entry for the word ai “✱those who” for a discussion of the development of that word (ayath &gt;&gt; ay &gt;&gt; ai).

Tolkien reversed the order of úgarth “trespass” and cerir “do-(plural)” between the draft and revised versions, which required changing cerir to its lenited form gerir (which Tolkien first wrote mistakenly as garer in the revised version before correcting it to gerir).

In the draft version, Tolkien wrote ann for “against us”, but as Bill Welden points out (VT44/22), Tolkien almost certainly intended ammen as it appeared in the revised version and elsewhere in the prayer, and simply failed to complete this form in the draft.

|&#160;&#160;I&#160;&#160;|II| |sui| |{mín >>} men|{mí ni >>} mín| |i| |{dihenam >>} góhenam|gohenam| |di| |{ayath >> ay >>} ai|ai| |ugerth|{garer >>} gerir| |cerir|úgerth| |ann|ammen|

tarlang

noun/adjective. proud, (lit.) stiff-necked; stiff neck (a nickname applied to men of haughty carriage or mood); the stiff/tough passage, proud, [N.] obstinate, [S.] (lit.) stiff-necked; stiff neck (a nickname applied to men of haughty carriage or mood); the stiff/tough passage

terchil

noun. 'high-Men'

pl1. n. 'high-Men', ancient name of the Edain. A S. form not used. Q. tarcildi, prob. Orkish tark. >> Adan

tharbad

noun. cross-way

Lossoth

snow-men

(a northern people living near the bay of Forochel) Lossoth (a coll. pl.)

adanadar

father of men

Adanadar, normally pl. Edenedair "Fathers of Men", the early Edain.

adanadar

father of men

Adanadar, normally pl. Edenedair "Fathers of Men", term used of the early Edain. For other terms for ”Men” as opposed to Elves, see FOLLOWER.

adanadar

father of men

normally pl. Edenedair &quot;Fathers of Men&quot;, the early Edain.

ammen

for us, to us, of us

bad

go

#bad- (i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.

bad

go

(i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.

gwaith

able-bodied men, troop of

gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**)

gwaith

troop of able-bodied men

gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**).

gwaith

troop of able-bodied men

gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**)

gwaith

able-bodied men, troop of

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith)

gwaith

troop of able-bodied men

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).

gwaith

troop of able-bodied men

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith)

imrath

valley

(pl. imraith)

lend

way

(journey), pl. lind, coll. pl. lennath. Note: a homophone means ”tuneful, sweet”

lossoth

snow-men

(a coll. pl.)

mên

road

mên (i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (way), pl. mîn (i mîn). Cf. also:

mên

way

1. mên (i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (road), pl. mîn (i mîn), 2) lend (journey), pl. lind, coll. pl. lennath. Note: a homophone means ”tuneful, sweet”, 3) #pâd (construct pad), i bâd, pl. paid (i phaid). Isolated from Tharbad ”Crossroad”. 4) tê (i dê, o thê) (line), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath.

mên

road

(i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (way), pl. mîn (i mîn). Cf. also:

mên

way

(i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (road), pl. mîn (i mîn)

mín

us

mín, presumably usually lenited vín (which is also the genitive ”our”); see WE.

mín

us

presumably usually lenited vín (which is also the genitive ”our”); see

pâd

way

(construct pad), i bâd, pl. paid (i phaid). Isolated from Tharbad ”Crossroad”.

terchil Reconstructed

collective name. High-men

A hypothetical Sindarin equivalent of Q. Tarcil(di) (PE17/101). This term was not used, but is what the Sindarin word would have been if it had developed from the primitive plural ✶tarkhildī.

Conceptual Development: A similar term N. Torfir appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s, probably a combination of taur “high” and feir “mortal man” (EtyAC/TĀ). Torfir also appeared in an earlier version of Glorfindel’s greeting to Aragorn in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/61), where it was a precursor to S. Dúnadan. It seems that in Tolkien’s later conception, Tolkien only used the term Dúnedain to refer to the High Men of the West in Sindarin.

tê

way

(i dê, o thê) (line), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath.

vín

our

vín; see WE

vín

our

; see