_ 2nd pl. pron. _us. >> ammen
Sindarin
men
noun. road, way, road, way; [N.] *place
men
2nd pl
men
pronoun. us
men
pronoun. us
men
noun. way, road
menel
noun. the heavens, firmament, region of the stars
A word for the “the heavens, firmament, region of the stars”, a loan word from Quenya (MR/387; RGEO/64). See the entry on Q. menel and √MENEL for further details.
Conceptual Development: This word began to appear as an element in Sindarin in late Lord of the Rings drafts (SD/45) and drafts of Lord of the Rings appendices (PM/130) from the early 1950s. In the Sindarin prayer Ae Adar Nín from the mid-to-late 1950s, Tolkien used Menel for “Heaven” as in ae Adar nín i vi Menel “our Father who [art] in Heaven” (VT44/21), but this seems not to be the proper Elvish usage, so could perhaps be considered a Mannish misconception (or Tolkienish vacillation on the meaning of the word). Elsewhere Tolkien only used S. menel for “the heavens”, such as in o menel aglar elenath “from heaven [the firmanent] on high the glory of the starry host” from the A Elbereth Gilthoniel poem (LotR/238, 1028; RGEO/63-64). Note that menel did not appear in the earliest drafts of Elbereth Gilthoniel from the 1940s (RS/394).
Menel
noun. Firmament
_n. _Firmament. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.
Menel
noun. sky, high heaven, firmament, the region of the stars
men-
verb. to go
The basic Sindarin verb for “go”, derived from the root √MEN (PE17/143). Its archaic past form emēnē was discussed in notes from around 1965 (PE17/93); its modern past would be ✱evín. It also appeared in its gerund form in the sentence niðin mened “I have a mind to go, I intend to go” in notes from 1969 (PE22/165).
mengas dûr
place name. ?Dark Gap in the Way
Rejected precursor to Cabed-en-Aras (WJ/156). The meaning of this name is unclear, but it might be a combination of men “road, way”, [N.] gas “gap” and dûr “dark”, perhaps meaning “✱Dark Gap in the Way” (as suggested by David Salo, GS/384).
men-i-naugrim
place name. Dwarf Road, (lit.) Way of the Dwarves
Men-i-naugrim
noun. way of dwarves
men (“way, road”) + in (pl. gen. article) + naug (“a dwarf”) + rim (class plural suffix)
menegroth
place name. Thousand Caves
The cave-palace of Thingol in Doriath, translated “Thousand Caves” (S/56). It is a combination of meneg “thousand” and groth “cave” (SA/groth, WJ/415).
Conceptual Development: The name Ilk. Menegroth appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/114, LR/220), and was designated as Doriathrin [Ilkorin] in The Etymologies, where it had essentially the same derivation as given above (Ety/ROD). In one late note the name was given as Menegrond, which might be a “pure Sindarin” form of this name as suggested by Carl Hostetter (NM/365).
meneldor
masculine name. *Lord of the Heavens
menelrond
place name. Heaven-dome
menelvagor
masculine name. Orion, (lit.) Swordsman of the Sky
A name for Orion (LotR/1113), translated “Swordsman of the Sky” (LotR/1113), a combination of menel “the heavens” and the lenited form of magor “swordsman”.
In notes from 1969, Tolkien toyed with revising the etymology of this name, making the second element be bagor < ✶bakār in an attempt to remove m-mutation from Sindarin, but he seems to have quickly abandoned this idea (PE23/138 note #12).
Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, the name of Orion was given as G. Daimord “Shepherd of the Sky” (GL/29, 58).
Menegroth
noun. thousand caves
meneg (#probably “thousand”) + groth (“large underground dwelling”)
Menelrond
noun. heaven-dome
menel (“sky, high heaven”) + rond (“domed roof”)
Menel
noun. the heavens
_n. _the heavens, the apparent dome of the sky. Probably a Quenya word introduced into Sindarin. It was a 'pictorial' word, as the lore of the Eldar and the Númenoreans know much astronomy.
menel-vîr síla díriel
*heaven-jewel shines having watched [for us]
The second phrase of Lúthien’s Song (LB/354). Three translations of this phrase are:
Patrick Wynne: “✱a heavenly jewel shines silver, having watched” (NTTLS/11)
David Salo: “✱having watched ... shines like a jewel in the sky” (GS/211)
Bertrand Bellet and Benjamin Babut: “✱jewel of the firmament, shines on the watch [for us]” (GTLC)
The first word menel is the Sindarin word for “the heavens, firmament”. The second word vîr is the lenited form of mîr “jewel”. The third word síla “shines” is the present tense of the verb síla- “to shine”. The last word díriel “having watched” is the lenited form of tíriel, the past active participle form of the verb tiria- “to watch, gaze”.
meneg
cardinal. thousand, thousand, *large in number
meneg
cardinal. thousand
Menwi
Manwe
_theon. _Q. Manwe.. This gloss was rejected.
-men
suffix. our
ammen
pronoun. of us, for us, toward us
damen
verb. return
_ v. _return. Q. nanwen-. >> dan-
men
we
men (accusative mín ”us”, presumably usually lenited vín, which is also the genitive ”our”).
men
we
(accusative mín ”us”, presumably usually lenited vín, which is also the genitive ”our”).
adanath
noun. men
adan (“man”) + ath (collective plural suffix)
adanath
noun. men
aphadon
proper name. Men, (lit.) Followers
Rhûnedain
noun. 'Men of the East'
_ pl1. n. _lit. #'Men of the East', Men other than the Atani. Q. pl1. Hrónatani. >> rhûn
menna-
verb. to send, (lit.) make go
A neologism coined by Fiona Jallings, inspired by Q. menta- of similar meaning.
mengyl
noun. messenger, (lit.) message-bearer
Menel
heaven
menel (i venel), pl. menil (i menil)
meneg
cardinal. thousand
#meneg (isolated from Menegroth ”Thousand Caves”, assuming this translation to be literal).
meneg
thousand
(isolated from Menegroth ”Thousand Caves”, assuming this translation to be literal).
menel
heaven
(i venel), pl. menil (i menil)
ment
point
(at the end of a thing) ment (i vent), pl. mint (i mint), coll. pl. mennath.
ment
point
(i vent), pl. mint (i mint), coll. pl. mennath**. **
ment
noun. message
mengui
ordinal. thousandth
mên
way
1) mên (i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (road), pl. mîn (i mîn), 2) lend (journey), pl. lind, coll. pl. lennath. Note: a homophone means ”tuneful, sweet”, 3) #pâd (construct pad), i bâd, pl. paid (i phaid). Isolated from Tharbad ”Crossroad”. 4) tê (i dê, o thê) (line), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath.
mên
way
(i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (road), pl. mîn (i mîn)
mên
road
mên (i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (way), pl. mîn (i mîn). Cf. also:
mên
road
(i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (way), pl. mîn (i mîn). Cf. also:
Dúnadan
noun. Man of the west, Númenórean
adan
noun. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men)
adanadar
noun. man, one of the Fathers of Men
ammen
for us, to us, of us
dîr
noun. man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix
A word for “man” as a male person, attested only as an element in compounds or as (archaic?) ndir (PE17/60). This word likely refers to male individuals of all races including Elves, Men, Dwarves and so forth, much like its Quenya cognate Q. nér. This word must have been derived from the primitive subjective form ✶ndēr of the root √N(D)ER “male person”, where the ancient long ē became ī, and the initial cluster nd- became d-, though the ancient cluster would still be reflected in mutated forms, such as in i nîr “the man” rather than ✱✱i dhîr.
Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor to this word is (archaic) G. †drio “hero, warrior” with variants driw, driodweg and driothweg, a cognate of ᴱQ. nēr (GL/22). This Gnomish word was derived from primitive ᴱ✶n’reu̯, where the initial nr- became dr-. At this early stage, the root was unstrengthened ᴱ√NERE (QL/65), as reflected in (archaic) ᴱN. nîr “hero, prince, warrior-elf” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/164).
In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DER “adult male, man” of any speaking race and the derived form was N. dîr (Ety/DER). However, in this document Tolkien said:
> EN †dîr surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL], Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir “doer, maker”) ... In ordinary use EN has benn [for “man”] (properly = “husband”).
Thus in the scenario described in The Etymologies, dîr “man” was archaic and used only as an element in names or as a suffix. In ordinary speech it was replaced by N. benn, which used to mean “husband” but now meant “man”, while the word for “husband” became N. hervenn (Ety/BES). It is unlikely Tolkien imagined this exact scenario in later Sindarin, however, since the 1930s root for benn was ᴹ√BES “wed”, but by the 1960s the root for husband/wife/marry words had become √BER.
Neo-Sindarin: Since the status of N. benn is questionable given ᴹ√BES >> √BER, many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. ✱dîr as the Sindarin word for man. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable for “man, male person”. This is because I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES as the root for “marry, wed”, since it is the best basis for attested husband/wife words in (Neo) Sindarin.
methed
noun. end
This word is attested in later writings as an element in the names Methed-en-Glad “End of the Wood” and possibly Methedras “Last Peak” (of the Misty Mountains). The latter name first appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s as N. Methen Amon and Methendol (TI/404), making it likely that methed is a revision from the earlier adjective N. methen (Ety/MET).
This new form likely changed from an adjective to a noun, since -ed/-ad is usually a gerundal suffix in Sindarin (forming nouns from verbs). This word is clearly a noun in the name Methed-en-Glad, and could also be a noun in Methedras (= “Peak of the End?”).
medui
adjective. end
adj. end, final, last. Ai na vedui Dúnadan. Mae g'ovannen. 'Ah! At last, Dúnadan ! Well met !'. m > v after preposition.
methed
noun. end
dúnadan
proper name. Man of the West
Sindarin term for a “Man of the West”, the descendants of the Elf-friends of Beleriand and Númenor (LotR/233). This name is a combination of dûn “west” and Adan “Man” (SA/andúnë, adan; PE17/18).
Conceptual Development: In an early version of Glorfindel’s greeting to Aragon, this term was N. Torfir (TI/61), and throughout the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, the most common term for “High Men” was ᴹQ. Tarkil (TI/84, WR/310). It was not until very late in the drafts that the terms Dúnadan/Dúnedain appeared (WR/363 note #6).
echil
collective name. Followers
-main
suffix. our
drû
noun. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man
In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word
adan
man
(pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.
dîr
man
1) (adult male of any speaking race) dîr (dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”. 2) (mortal human as opposed to Elf) Adan (pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.
dîr
man
(dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”.
meth
end
(noun) 1) meth (i veth), pl. mith (i mith). Note: the word is also used as an adjective ”last”. 2) (rear, hindmost part) tele (i dele, o thele), pl. teli (i theli). In ”Noldorin”, the pl. was telei (LR:392 s.v. TELES). 3) ( maybe primarily ”last point in line; last of a series of items”) #methed (i vethed), pl. methid (i methid). Isolated from the name Methedras, the last in a line of mountain peaks.
meth
end
(i veth), pl. mith (i mith). Note: the word is also used as an adjective ”last”.
methed
end
(i vethed), pl. methid (i methid). Isolated from the name Methedras, the last in a line of mountain peaks.
methen
end
(adj.) methen (lenited vethen; pl. methin) (VT45:34)
methen
end
(lenited vethen; pl. methin) (VT45:34)
tele
end
(i dele, o thele), pl. teli (i theli). In ”Noldorin”, the pl. was telei (LR:392 s.v. TELES).
manwe
masculine name. Manwe
The Sindarin name for Q. Manwë, simply a borrowing of his Quenya name (PE17/189-190, Ety/WEG).
Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, his name was G. Man or G. Manweg (GL/56), but in The Etymologies from the 1930s, Tolkien stated that the Noldor used the Qenya form of his name Manwe, and that his hypothetical Noldorin name ✱✱Manw [manu] was not used (Ety/WEG). In etymological notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien coined a Sindarin variant of this name S. Menwi based on name-suffix -wi with the [[s|short [a] becoming [e] before [i]]], but both the suffix and this Sindarin name were rejected (PE17/189), likely restoring S. Manwe (PE17/190).
orod
noun. mountain
The Sindarin word for “mountain”, a derivative of √RŌ/ORO “rise” (PE17/63). Its proper plural form is eryd; the plural form ered in The Lord of the Rings is a late [Gondorian only?] pronunciation (PE17/33).
Conceptual Development: The singular form of this noun was extremely stable. It first appeared as G. orod “mountain” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s beside variant ort (GL/63), and it reappeared as N. orod “mountain” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√OROT “height, mountain” (Ety/ÓROT). It appeared in a great many names in the sixty year span that Tolkien worked on the legendarium.
The development of its plural form is a bit more complex. Its Gnomish plural was orodin (GL/63), but by the Early Noldorin of the 1920s, its plural was eryd (MC/217). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, Tolkien gave its plural form as oroti > ereid > ered (Ety/ÓROT). This fits with normal Noldorin plural patterns of the 1930s: compare plurals N. eregdos → eregdes, N. golodh → geleidh, N. doron → deren, N. thoron → therein. Sindarin plural patterns consistently show o → y in final syllables, such as S. golodh → gelydh or S. Nogoth → Negyth.
This Noldorin plural for orod “mountain” made it into Lord of the Rings drafts, and Tolkien never corrected it before publication. This meant Tolkien was stuck with this remnant of Noldorin plural patterns, which was contradicted by other plural forms in The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien was forced to contrive an explanation for this phenomenon:
> S. Ered. This is used always in L.R. as plural of orod, mountain. But Emyn, pl. of Amon. Cf. also Eryn Forest (oron originally plural = trees?) in Eryn Lasgalen. Rodyn, pl. of Rodon = Vala. It seems necessary to assume that: eryd > ered by late change, but y unstressed remained in certain circumstances, e.g. before nasals. † Use Eryd in Silmarillion (PE17/33).
Despite his statement that y only remained before nasals, ered is the only Sindarin word that retains the Noldorin plural pattern: see the examples golydh and nogyth above, neither involving nasals. Also, despite J.R.R. Tolkien’s intent to use eryd in The Silmarillion, his son Christopher Tolkien retained the form ered in The Silmarillion as published, most likely to avoid confusing readers when they compared this plural to the plural forms in The Lord of the Rings.
Neo-Sindarin: Most knowledgeable Neo-Sindarin writers assume o → y in final syllables is the correct Sindarin plural pattern, and orod → ered is an aberration. I personally assume it is a late Gondorian-only (mis)pronunciation. See the discussion of Sindarin plural nouns for more information.
-en
suffix. my
an
to
_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath 'glory to all the Halflings'.
bâd
noun. road, road, [N.] beaten track, pathway, [ᴱN.] way, [G.] path
This word appeared in its mutated form vâd “road” in notes from 1969 (PE23/136). The Etymologies of the 1930s had bâd “beaten track, pathway” derived from ON. bata < ᴹ✶batā̆ under the root ᴹ√BAT “tread” (Ety/BAT).
Conceptual Development: A deleted noun G. {bad “way, path”} appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, apparently replaced by bad “building, outhouse, shed”; a similar word bad- “travel” was mentioned but not deleted (GL/21). The word bad also appeared (undeleted) in the name G. Bad Uthwen or Uswen “Way of Escape” in contemporaneous narratives and name lists of the 1910s (LT2/203; PE13/102; PE15/21). In this early period it was likely derived from the early root ᴱ√VAHA having to do with departure and travel (QL/99).
ᴱN. bad “way” reappeared in the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s (PE13/120) and Early Noldorin Word-lists from the same period (PE13/137, 160). A possible later variant can be seen in S. pâd “road, track” mentioned in an explanation of the name Tharbad (PE17/34); see that entry for discussion.
caro den i innas lin
thy will be done
The fourth line of Ae Adar Nín, Tolkien’s Sindarin translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT44/21). The first word caro is the imperative form of the verb car- “to do”. The third word is the definite article i “the”, followed by innas “will” and the possessive pronoun lin “your”, with the adjectival element following the noun as is usual in Sindarin.
The function of the word den in this phrase is unclear. Bill Welden suggested (VT44/25) that is a marker of the passive voice (“thy will be done” instead of “do thy will”), and is the lenited form of ten, either a 3rd-plural pronoun “they” (as in impersonal English phrases such as “they say ...”) or a neutral pronoun “it”. Since “they” appears as di (← ti) elsewhere in the prayer, I think the second possibility is more likely.
See the entry for the second line of this prayer for a discussion of the use of the definite article i before the possessed noun in this phrase.
Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:
> car-o den i innas lin = “✱do-(imperative) it the will yours”
dadwen
verb. return
_v. _return, going/coming back. Q. nanwen-. >> damen
mîn
noun. motion
A neologism coined by Elaran posted on 2018-11-20 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), derived from √MEN “move”.
Dúnadan
man of the west
(Númenórean) Dúnadan (i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386).
Dúnadan
man of the west
(Númenórean) Dúnadan (i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386)
ardh
region
1) ardh (realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath. 2) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413), 3) gardh (i **ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh), 4) gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).
gwaith
region
(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).
gwaith
people
gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**).
gwaith
people
(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).
rhavan
wild man
(?i thravan or ?i ravan – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). – The following terms apparently apply to ”men” of any speaking race:
amarth
doom
(noun) 1) amarth (fate), pl. emerth; 2) band (i mand, o mband; construct ban) (custody, prison, safekeeping, duress, hell), pl. baind (i mbaind), coll. pl. bannath. 3) manadh (i vanadh) (final end, fate, fortune [usually = final bliss]), pl. menaidh (i menaidh)
amarth
fate
(doom), pl. emerth; also manadh (i vanadh) (doom, final end, fortune [usually = final bliss]), pl. menaidh (i menaidh);
ardh
region
(realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath.
gilwen
region of stars
(Quenya Ilmen), also Gilith. In the Etymologies, this word is derived from a root GIL (LR:358) and would then have the form ’Ilwen (’Ilwith) when lenited. But in a later source, Tolkien cited the relevant root as ÑGIL (MR:388), and the lenited form would then be Ngilwen (Ngilwith).
manadh
fortune
(usually = final bliss) manadh (i vanadh) (doom, final end, fate), pl. menaidh (i menaidh). Cf. .
manadh
fortune
(i vanadh) (doom, final end, fate), pl. menaidh (i menaidh). Cf.
manadh
doom
(i vanadh) (final end, fate, fortune [usually = final bliss]), pl. menaidh (i menaidh)
manadh
final end
(i vanadh) (fate, fortune [usually = final bliss]), pl. menaidh (i menaidh).
nín
my
nín (following a noun with article: i adar nín, ”my father”). Not to be confused with nîn ”watery, wet” or as noun ”tear”, or the pl. form of nên ”water”. In a very few attested cases, the pronoun ”my” appears as an ending -en added to a noun (lammen ”my tongue”, guren ”my heart”).
nín
my
(following a noun with article: i adar nín, ”my father”). Not to be confused with nîn ”watery, wet” or as noun ”tear”, or the pl. form of nên ”water”. – In a very few attested cases, the pronoun ”my” appears as an ending -en added to a noun (lammen ”my tongue”, guren ”my heart”).
cidinn
?. [unglossed]
cinnog
?. [unglossed]
gardh
noun. region
hand
noun. [unglossed]
luin
adjective. blue
mad-
verb. to eat
The Sindarin verb for “to eat” derived from the root √MAT of the same meaning (PE17/131; Ety/MAT). In Tolkien’s later writing it appears only in inflected forms, but the verb itself is well established, dating back all the way to G. mad- in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/56). This verb was one Tolkien often used in examples of verb conjugations and as such its inflected forms changed considerably over time, but that is more a topic of the evolution of the Sindarin verb system.
magor
noun. swordsman
maud
?. [unglossed]
mín
pronoun. our
nín
pronoun. my
sad
noun. place, spot
A word meaning “place, spot” appearing in The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69, more precisely “a limited area naturally or artificially defined” (VT42/19-20). It was derived from √SAT “divide, mark off”.
mínem
noun. movie, motion picture
magor
noun. swordsman
region
noun. holly-tree area
[HKF] reg (Dor. regorn “holly tree”) + ion (Dor. gen. pl. suffix) = Dor. Regornion [Etym. ERÉK-]
-d
suffix. you
2nd du. pron. suff. #you (two). Q. -star.See paradigm PE17:132.
-dh
suffix. you
{ð} 2nd du. pron. suff. #you (two). Q. -star.See paradigm PE17:132.
-dh
suffix. you
{ð} 2nd sg. pron. suff. #you. Q. -tar.See paradigm PE17:132.
-dhir
suffix. you
{ð} 2nd pl. pron. suff. #you. Q. -ltar.See paradigm PE17:132.
-enc
suffix. our
_1st pl. poss. suff. _our.Maybe the incl. form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46.
-gir
2nd pl
2nd pl. pron. suff. #you. Q. -lle.See paradigm PE17:132.
-il
point
-m
suffix. we
1st du. pron. suff. #we (you and me). Q. -mmo.See paradigm PE17:132.
-nc
suffix. we
1st du. pron. suff. #we (you and me). Q. -lmo.See paradigm PE17:132. >> -ngid
Manwe
Manwe
_theon. _Q. Manwe. . This gloss was rejected.
a
conjunction. and
See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel
a
and
a
and
conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.
a
conjunction. and
conj. and. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. Q. ar
ad
conjunction. and
ada
conjunction. and
adh
conjunction. and
aeg
noun. point
The adjective oeg "sharp, pointed, piercing" from Ety/349 is perhaps rejected: Tolkien later decided that no cognate of Quenya aica "fell, terrible, dire" was used in Sindarin, "though aeg would have been its form if it had occurred" (PM/347). On the other hand, we have words such as aeglos and aeglir , so there must be a noun aeg "point"
aegas
noun. mountain peak
aeglir
noun. range of mountain peaks
ah
preposition/conjunction. and, with
The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a.1 , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)
ah
conjunction. and
ai
pronoun. for those who
an
preposition. to, towards, for
With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath
ar
conjunction. and
See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel
ar
conjunction. and, and, [G.] too, besides
ardhon
noun. great region, province
ardhon
noun. world
de
pronoun. you
drúadan
noun. wild man, one of the Woses
elu
adjective. (pale) blue
gardh
noun. bounded or defined region
gardh
noun. world
innas
noun. will
innas
noun. *will
lin
adjective. thy (reverential)
luin
adjective. blue
luin
blue
adj. blue. . This gloss was rejected.
luin
jhJ5 adjective. blue
Examples: Ered luin, Helluin, Luinil, Mindolluin
lín
adjective. thy (reverential)
lô
blue
adj. blue. . This gloss was rejected.
madu
?. [unglossed]
min
adjective. our
min
noun. peak
A word glossed “peak” appearing in the name S. Min-Rimmon “Peak of the Rimmon” from the Unfinished Index to The Lord of the Rings (RC/511). It is probably a derivative of √MIN.
mín
pronoun. us
mín
adjective. our
na
to
e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2
na
preposition. to
prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2
nidh-
verb. will, mean to, have a mind to
nín
adjective. my
The acute accent in nín has sometimes been regarded as an error for a slanted macron in the manuscript, since all the other attested personal adjectives from Sauron defeated all have a circumflex accent. It was however noted that if the acute accent is confirmed, then this word is probably an enclitic, see HL/73. The acute accent is now confirmed by VT/44
orod
noun. mountain
orod
mountain
pl1. ered or eryd, pl2. #orodrim _n. _mountain. Tolkien notes that "eryd > ered by late change, but y unstressed remained in certain circumstances, e.g. before nasals" (PE17:33). >> dol, doll, Thangorodrim
othlonn
noun. paved way
pâd
noun. way
rhîw
noun. winter season
rhîw
noun. winter
tharbad
noun. cross-way
til
point
Ídh
and
{ð}_ conj. _and. It was not mutated before vowels. >> a
Ídh
and
Ídh
and
{ð} conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.
a
and
a, or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.
a
and
or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.
aden
preposition. until
aeg
horn
(point, thorn). No distinct pl. form. (but aeglir can be used for a range of mountain peaks). Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". 2) mîn (i vîn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mîn), coll. pl. míniath. Note: homophones include the numeral ”one” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 3) egnas (sharp point; literally "thorn-point"), pl. egnais, coll. pl. egnassath.
aeg
point
1) aeg (peak, thorn). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". 2) naith (spearhead, gore, wedge, promontory); no distinct pl. form. 3) nass (sharp end, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais. 4)
aeg
point
(peak, thorn). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing".
amarth
doom
(fate), pl. emerth
amon
steep-sided mount
(hill), pl. emyn.
an
to
(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).
an
to
(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)
aran
king of a region
(pl. erain)
bad
go
#bad- (i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.
bad
go
(i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.
band
doom
(i mand, o mband; construct ban) (custody, prison, safekeeping, duress, hell), pl. baind (i mbaind), coll. pl. bannath.
bartha
doom
(verb) bartha- (i martha, i mbarthar)
bartha
doom
(i martha, i mbarthar)
bôr
trusty man
(boron-) (i vôr, construct bor) (steadfast man, faithful vassal), pl. *b**ŷr* for older beryn, i meryn (archaic böryn, i möryn). In ”Noldorin”, the older pl. forms were berein, beren.
caew
resting place
(i gaew, o chaew) (lair). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chaew).
curunír
man of craft
(i gurunír, o churunír) (wizard), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. ?curuníriath.
denwaith
people of denwe
(WJ:385);
dôr
region
(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413)
dúnadan
man of the west
(i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386).
dúnadan
man of the west
(i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386)
ecthel
spear point
(pl. ecthil), literally "thorn point”
firion
mortal man
(pl. firyn).
galadhrim
people of the trees
(Elves of Lórien)
gardh
bounded or defined place
(i ’ardh) (region), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh);
gardh
region
(i ’ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh)
gwathuirim
people of dunland
(”shadowy people”) (PM:330);
haradrim
people of the south
(southerners, southrons);
iathrim
people of doriath
(”Fence-people”) (WJ:378);
iesta-
verb. to wish
ilphen
noun. everyone
il- (every/all) + pen (someone/somebody).
imrath
valley
(pl. imraith)
innas
will
(noun) innas, pl. innais (VT44:23)
innas
will
pl. innais (VT44:23)
lanc
sudden end
(sharp edge, sudden end, brink), pl. lainc, coll. pl. langath.
land
open space
(construct lan, pl. laind) (level), also used as adjective ”wide, plain”.
lend
way
(journey), pl. lind, coll. pl. lennath. Note: a homophone means ”tuneful, sweet”
luin
blue
luin (no distinct pl. form, as demonstrated by the name Ered Luin ”Blue Mountains”) (VT48:24)
lín
thy
lín
lín
thy
magor
swordsman
magor (i vagor), analogical pl. megyr (i megyr)
magor
swordsman
(i vagor), analogical pl. megyr (i megyr)
mín
us
mín, presumably usually lenited vín (which is also the genitive ”our”); see WE.
mín
us
presumably usually lenited vín (which is also the genitive ”our”); see
naith
point
(spearhead, gore, wedge, promontory); no distinct pl. form.
nass
point
(sharp end, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais.
nass
sharp end
(point, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais.
nasta
point
(verb) nasta- (i nasta, in nastar) (prick, stick, thrust)
nasta
point
(i nasta, in nastar) (prick, stick, thrust)
orod
mountain
1) orod (pl. ered, eryd; coll. pl. #orodrim isolated from Thangorodrim), 2) ôr (stem orod-), also with pl. eryd, ered. (Names:178). Archaically, the plural forms were öryd, öröd.
orod
mountain
(pl. ered, eryd; coll. pl. #orodrim isolated from Thangorodrim)
pathu
level place
(i bathu) (sward), analogical pl. pethy (i phethy). Cited in archaic form pathw in the source (LR:380 s.v. PATH); hence the coll. pl. is likely pathwath. In the Etymologies as printed in
pâd
way
(construct pad), i bâd, pl. paid (i phaid). Isolated from Tharbad ”Crossroad”.
rafn
extended point at the side
(wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn).
rhîw
winter
rhîw (?i thrîw or ?i rîw the lenition product of rh- is uncertain); no distinct pl. form except with article (?idh rîw)
rhîw
winter
(?i thrîw or ?i rîw – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain*); no distinct pl. form except with article (?idh rîw)
rohirrim
people of rohan
(Gondorian pronunciation of Rochirrim; see
sant
privately owned place
(i hant, o sant) (field, garden, yard), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)
sein
adjective. usual
@@@ should perhaps be sain
sennui
instead
sennui (rather) (SD:128-31)
sennui
instead
(rather) (SD:128-31)
sâd
place
sâd (-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (spot, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)
sâd
place
(-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (spot, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)
telu
dome
telu (i delu, o thelu) (high roof), pl. tely (i thely)
telu
dome
(i delu, o thelu) (high roof), pl. tely (i thely)
thalion
dauntless man
(hero), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”.
thel
will
(vb.) ?thel- (intend, mean, purpose, resolve)
thel
will
(intend, mean, purpose, resolve)
thela
spear point
(-thel), pl. ?thili, 3) aith; no distinct pl. form.
till
sharp-pointed peak
(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (tine, point, sharp horn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild.
till
point
till (i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild. 5)
till
point
(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild. 5)
tê
way
(i dê, o thê) (line), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath.
vín
our
vín; see WE
vín
our
; see
ôr
mountain
(stem orod-), also with pl. eryd, ered. (Names:178). Archaically, the plural forms were öryd, öröd.
úmarth
evil fate
(pl. úmerth)
A word appearing in the name Men-i-Naugrim, variously translated as “Dwarf Road” (UT/280) or “Way of the Dwarves” (UT/472). In one place it had the form Menn (NM/372). It is clearly based on the root √MEN “go”.
Conceptual Development: This word also appeared in the (untranslated) name N. Men Falros in Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s (WR/326). In The Etymologies of the 1930s its cognate ᴹQ. men was translated “place, spot” (Ety/MEN), so in this period N. men might have meant “✱place” as in Men Falros = “✱Place of Splashing Foam”.