_1st pl. poss. suff. our.Maybe the excl. form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -em_. >> -em, -main
Sindarin
men
2nd pl
men
noun. road, way, road, way; [N.] *place
Cognates
- Q. men “way, way; [ᴹQ.] place, spot”
Derivations
- √MEN “go, move, proceed (in any direction); make for, go towards; have as object, (in)tend; direction, object, point moved toward; region”
Element in
- S.
Mengas Dûr“?Dark Gap in the Way”- S. Men-i-Naugrim “Dwarf Road, (lit.) Way of the Dwarves” ✧ NM/372; UT/280
- ᴺS. uthwen “escape, way out, exit”
Variations
- Menn ✧ NM/372
- Men ✧ UT/280; UTI/Men-i-Naugrim
men
pronoun. us
Changes
men→ mín ✧ VT44/28mí ni→ mín ✧ VT44/28Derivations
- ✶me “1st-pl-exclusive pronoun”
Element in
- S. anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT44/27
- S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/27
- S. ir Ithil ammen Eruchín “*when the Moon, for us, the Children of God” ✧ LB/354
- S. sui mín i gohenam di ai gerir úgerth ammen “as we forgive those who trespass against us” ✧ VT44/28; VT44/27
Variations
- men ✧ LB/354; PE17/038; VT44/22 (
men); VT44/27- mín ✧ VT44/28
- mí ni ✧ VT44/28 (
mí ni)
men
pronoun. us
men
noun. way, road
-men
suffix. our
ammen
pronoun. of us, for us, toward us
men
we
men (accusative mín ”us”, presumably usually lenited vín, which is also the genitive ”our”).
men
we
(accusative mín ”us”, presumably usually lenited vín, which is also the genitive ”our”).
adanath
noun. men
adan (“man”) + ath (collective plural suffix)
adanath
noun. men
aphadon
proper name. Men, (lit.) Followers
The Sindarin form of Q. Hildor “Men, (lit.) Followers” (WJ/387). It is a translation of the Quenya name rather than a true cognate, a combination of the Sindarin verb aphad- “to follow” and the personal suffix -on. A truer Sindarin cognate of Hildor is Echil.
Cognates
- Q. Hildor “Men, Aftercomers, (lit.) Followers” ✧ WJI/Aphadon; WJI/Hildor
mên
way
1) mên (i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (road), pl. mîn (i mîn), 2) lend (journey), pl. lind, coll. pl. lennath. Note: a homophone means ”tuneful, sweet”, 3) #pâd (construct pad), i bâd, pl. paid (i phaid). Isolated from Tharbad ”Crossroad”. 4) tê (i dê, o thê) (line), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath.
mên
way
(i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (road), pl. mîn (i mîn)
mên
road
mên (i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (way), pl. mîn (i mîn). Cf. also:
mên
road
(i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (way), pl. mîn (i mîn). Cf. also:
Dúnadan
noun. Man of the west, Númenórean
adan
noun. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men)
adanadar
noun. man, one of the Fathers of Men
ammen
for us, to us, of us
dîr
noun. man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix
A word for “man” as a male person, attested only as an element in compounds or as (archaic?) ndir (PE17/60). This word likely refers to male individuals of all races including Elves, Men, Dwarves and so forth, much like its Quenya cognate Q. nér. This word must have been derived from the primitive subjective form ✶ndēr of the root √N(D)ER “male person”, where the ancient long ē became ī, and the initial cluster nd- became d-, though the ancient cluster would still be reflected in mutated forms, such as in i nîr “the man” rather than ✱✱i dhîr.
Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor to this word is (archaic) G. †drio “hero, warrior” with variants driw, driodweg and driothweg, a cognate of ᴱQ. nēr (GL/22). This Gnomish word was derived from primitive ᴱ✶n’reu̯, where the initial nr- became dr-. At this early stage, the root was unstrengthened ᴱ√NERE (QL/65), as reflected in (archaic) ᴱN. nîr “hero, prince, warrior-elf” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/164).
In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DER “adult male, man” of any speaking race and the derived form was N. dîr (Ety/DER). However, in this document Tolkien said:
> EN †dîr surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL], Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir “doer, maker”) ... In ordinary use EN has benn [for “man”] (properly = “husband”).
Thus in the scenario described in The Etymologies, dîr “man” was archaic and used only as an element in names or as a suffix. In ordinary speech it was replaced by N. benn, which used to mean “husband” but now meant “man”, while the word for “husband” became N. hervenn (Ety/BES). It is unlikely Tolkien imagined this exact scenario in later Sindarin, however, since the 1930s root for benn was ᴹ√BES “wed”, but by the 1960s the root for husband/wife/marry words had become √BER.
Neo-Sindarin: Since the status of N. benn is questionable given ᴹ√BES >> √BER, many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. ✱dîr as the Sindarin word for man. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable for “man, male person”. This is because I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES as the root for “marry, wed”, since it is the best basis for attested husband/wife words in (Neo) Sindarin.
Derivations
Element in
- S. Borondir “?Steadfast-man”
- S. Brandir “*Noble Man”
- S. condir “mayor, *(lit.) chief-man”
- S. curunír “wizard, wizard, [N.] man of craft”
- S. dagnir “slayer, bane”
- S. Dírhael “*Wise Man”
- S. dírnaith “wedge-shaped battle-formation, (lit.) man-spearhead”
- S. Emeldir “Manhearted, *Manly-mother”
- S. Haldir
- S. Handir
- S. Hathaldir
- S. Hatholdir “*Axe-man”
- S. herdir “master”
- S. Lindir
- S. Othrondir “?Stronghold Man”
- S. randir “wanderer, wandering man, pilgrim” ✧ PE17/060
- S. Thorondir “*Eagle-man”
Variations
- ndir ✧ PE17/060
echil
collective name. Followers
Sindarin equivalent of Q. Hildor “Followers” as a name for Men (WJ/219). It is clearly derived from the same root √KHIL, but otherwise its etymology is unclear. Another Sindarin term with a similar meaning is Aphadon.
Cognates
- Q. Hildor “Men, Aftercomers, (lit.) Followers” ✧ WJ/219; WJI/Echil; WJ/219; WJI/Hildor
-main
suffix. our
drû
noun. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man
In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word
adan
man
(pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.
dîr
man
1) (adult male of any speaking race) dîr (dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”. 2) (mortal human as opposed to Elf) Adan (pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.
dîr
man
(dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”.
an
to
_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath 'glory to all the Halflings'.
gwaith
people
gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**).
gwaith
people
(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).
rhavan
wild man
(?i thravan or ?i ravan – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). – The following terms apparently apply to ”men” of any speaking race:
mín
pronoun. our
Changes
min→ vin ✧ VT44/24mín→ vín ✧ VT44/28Element in
- S. anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT44/28
- S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/24
Variations
- min ✧ VT44/22 (
min)
sad
noun. place, spot
Derivations
- √SAT “space, place; divide, apportion, mark off” ✧ VT42/19
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √SAT > sad [sat] > [sad] ✧ VT42/19
-enc
suffix. our
_1st pl. poss. suff. _our.Maybe the incl. form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46.
-gir
2nd pl
2nd pl. pron. suff. #you. Q. -lle.See paradigm PE17:132.
-m
suffix. we
1st du. pron. suff. #we (you and me). Q. -mmo.See paradigm PE17:132.
-nc
suffix. we
1st du. pron. suff. #we (you and me). Q. -lmo.See paradigm PE17:132. >> -ngid
ai
pronoun. for those who
an
preposition. to, towards, for
With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath
drúadan
noun. wild man, one of the Woses
min
adjective. our
min
noun. peak
A word glossed “peak” appearing in the name S. Min-Rimmon “Peak of the Rimmon” from the Unfinished Index to The Lord of the Rings (RC/511). It is probably a derivative of √MIN.
Cognates
- ᴹQ. mintye “peak”
Derivations
- √MIN “one, first of a series, one, first of a series; [ᴹ√] stand alone, stick out”
Element in
- S. Min-Rimmon “Peak of the Rimmon” ✧ RC/511
Variations
- min ✧ RC/511
mín
pronoun. us
mín
adjective. our
na
to
e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2
na
preposition. to
prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2
othlonn
noun. paved way
pâd
noun. way
tharbad
noun. cross-way
aeg
horn
(point, thorn). No distinct pl. form. (but aeglir can be used for a range of mountain peaks). Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". 2) mîn (i vîn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mîn), coll. pl. míniath. Note: homophones include the numeral ”one” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 3) egnas (sharp point; literally "thorn-point"), pl. egnais, coll. pl. egnassath.
an
to
(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).
an
to
(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)
bad
go
#bad- (i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.
bad
go
(i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.
bôr
trusty man
(boron-) (i vôr, construct bor) (steadfast man, faithful vassal), pl. *b**ŷr* for older beryn, i meryn (archaic böryn, i möryn). In ”Noldorin”, the older pl. forms were berein, beren.
caew
resting place
(i gaew, o chaew) (lair). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chaew).
curunír
man of craft
(i gurunír, o churunír) (wizard), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. ?curuníriath.
denwaith
people of denwe
(WJ:385);
dúnadan
man of the west
(i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386).
firion
mortal man
(pl. firyn).
galadhrim
people of the trees
(Elves of Lórien)
gardh
bounded or defined place
(i ’ardh) (region), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh);
gwathuirim
people of dunland
(”shadowy people”) (PM:330);
haradrim
people of the south
(southerners, southrons);
iathrim
people of doriath
(”Fence-people”) (WJ:378);
ilphen
noun. everyone
il- (every/all) + pen (someone/somebody).
imrath
valley
(pl. imraith)
land
open space
(construct lan, pl. laind) (level), also used as adjective ”wide, plain”.
lend
way
(journey), pl. lind, coll. pl. lennath. Note: a homophone means ”tuneful, sweet”
mín
us
mín, presumably usually lenited vín (which is also the genitive ”our”); see WE.
mín
us
presumably usually lenited vín (which is also the genitive ”our”); see
pathu
level place
(i bathu) (sward), analogical pl. pethy (i phethy). Cited in archaic form pathw in the source (LR:380 s.v. PATH); hence the coll. pl. is likely pathwath. In the Etymologies as printed in
pâd
way
(construct pad), i bâd, pl. paid (i phaid). Isolated from Tharbad ”Crossroad”.
rohirrim
people of rohan
(Gondorian pronunciation of Rochirrim; see
sant
privately owned place
(i hant, o sant) (field, garden, yard), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)
sâd
place
sâd (-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (spot, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)
sâd
place
(-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (spot, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)
thalion
dauntless man
(hero), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”.
till
sharp-pointed peak
(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (tine, point, sharp horn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild.
tê
way
(i dê, o thê) (line), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath.
vín
our
vín; see WE
vín
our
; see
_ 2nd pl. pron. _us. >> ammen