penda adj. "sloping down, inclined" (PEN/PÉNED), "steeply inclined, sloping down" (PE17:24)
Quenya
penda
adjective. sloping down, (steeply) inclined
Cognates
- S. pend “slope, steep incline, hill side; sloping (down), steeply inclined, slope, steep incline, hill side, [N.] declivity; [S.] sloping (down), steeply inclined” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/173
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶pendā > penda [pendā] > [penda] ✧ PE17/173
penda
sloping down, inclined
penda-
verb. to slope, incline
A verb meaning “to slope, incline” derived from the root √PED (PE17/171, 173). It was a weak verb (PE17/173), probably based on the verb-like adjective form Q. penda “sloping”, since the strong forms would have collided with derivatives of √PER “half” (PE17/171).
Cognates
- S. penna- “to come down (in a slant), fall” ✧ PE17/173
Derivations
- √PED “slope, slant down” ✧ PE17/171; PE17/173
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √PED > penda [penda-] ✧ PE17/171 √PED > penda- [penda-] ✧ PE17/173 Variations
- penda ✧ PE17/171 (penda)
nenda
sloping
[nenda] (2) adj. "sloping" (DEN, struck out)
talta
sloping, tilted, leaning
talta adj. "sloping, tilted, leaning"; also "incline" as noun (TALÁT)
yaltë
bridge
yaltë noun "bridge" (GL:37); rather yanta in Tolkien's later Quenya
yanta
bridge
yanta noun "bridge", also name of tengwa #35 (Appendix E); in the Etymologies, yanta is defined as "yoke" (YAT)
yanwë
bridge, joining, isthmus
yanwë noun "bridge, joining, isthmus" (YAT, "joining", VT49:45, 46), changed by Tolkien from yanwa (VT46:22, VT49:34)
yanta
noun. bridge
Cognates
- S. iant “bridge”
Derivations
- √YAN “*join”
Element in
- Q. palanyantië “telepathy”
An adjective meaning “sloping”, usually “sloping down” (PE17/24), with am(ba)penda being “uphill, ✱sloping up” (Ety/AM²). The adjective penda also has an implication of steeply sloping (PE17/173).
Conceptual Development: The word ᴱQ. penda first appeared in the Early Noldorin Dictionary as an element in ᴱQ. ambapenda “uphill”. Its Early Noldorin and Early Telerin cognates ᴱN. benn and ᴱT. benda were used for both sloping up and down hill, so the Early Qenya form was likely the same. The primitive form in this document was ᴱ✶bendā, with initial b- > p- as was the case in Early Qenya (later b- > v-).
In The Etymologies of the 1930s it first appeared as ᴹQ. nenda “sloping” derived from ᴹ√DEN “hillside, slope”, but the meaning of this root was change to ᴹ√DEN “hole; gap, passage” (Ety/DEN). Tolkien introduced a new root ᴹ√PEN(ED) with the derivative ᴹQ. penda “sloping down, inclined” (Ety/PEN), and this notion that penda was specifically for downwards slopes reappeared in later writings (PE17/24). In later writings, though, its root form was √PED instead of ᴹ√PEN, as √PEN was given the new sense “lack, be without” (PE17/173; WJ/375).