Quenya 

amba

adverb. up(wards)

An adverb for “up(wards)” derived from the root √AM “up” (PE17/157; Ety/AM²). In one place Tolkien said it “is generally limited to the qualification of words signifying or implying motion: especially ‘rise, ascend, climb, grow etc.’ (PE17/91)”, but that was not the case in (for example) Ambarussa “Top-russet” (PM/354), so this rule was not universal.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. amu “up(wards)” reflecting the earliest form of the root ᴱ√AM(U) (QL/30), but by the 1920s it was amba “up” (PE13/137; PE16/62), a form that was retained thereafter. In one place in The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave it an alternate form ama beside amba (Ety/UNU), but since this was as an element in ᴹQ. amatikse “above dot” (Ety/TIK; EtyAC/UNU) I think it is more likely a variant of prefixal am- “up”.

Quenya [PE17/082; PE17/091; PE17/157; PM/354; RC/385; UT/255] Group: Eldamo. Published by

amba

more

An adjective or (pro)noun for “more” along with an adverbial form ambë derived from √AMA “addition, increase, plus” (PE17/91). These words were part of a (brief?) conceptual framework around 1967 in which the intensive prefix am- was derived from this root. Elsewhere the root √AM generally meant “up”, and Tolkien seems to have reverted to an-intensives by 1969 as evidenced by anírime “most beautiful” (PE23/133).

Neo-Quenya: Despite these conceptual changes, I think it is worth retaining amba and ambe “more”, perhaps based on ✱an-bā and ✱an-bē. The first of these would clash with amba “up”, but I think it could usually be distinguished by context: á anta amba nin “give more to me” vs. mennes amba i oron “he went up the mountain”. See √AMA for more discussion.

Quenya [PE17/090; PE17/091] Group: Eldamo. Published by

amba

up, upwards

amba 1) adv. "up, upwards" (AM2, PE17:157). Apparently also ama (UNU).

amba

more

amba 2) adj. and noun "more", "used of any kind of measurement spatial, temporal, or quantitative" (PE:17:91). Cf. adverb ambë.

amba

adverb. up

Quenya [PE 22:21] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

ama

up

ama adv.? element not glossed, evidently meaning "up" like the prefix am-, or an alternative form of amba (UNU)

ambë

more

ambë adv. "more", "used of any kind of measurement spatial, temporal, or quantitative" (PE17:91). As noun or adjective, amba.

ambë

adverb. more

amu

up, upwards

amu adv. "up, upwards" (LT2:335; in Tolkien's later Quenya amba)

am-

up

am- (1) prefix "up" (AM2)

am-

prefix. up, up, [ᴱQ.] upwards

A prefix for “up”, very well attested and derived from √AM of the same meaning (Ety/AM²).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. am(u)- “up(wards)” reflecting the earliest form of the root ᴱ√AM(U) (QL/30), but by the 1920s the u was dropped (PE16/75), and it was only am- thereafter. In Tolkien’s later conception, it probably became ama- when seperation from a following consonant or cluster was needed (PE17/92), as in ᴹQ. amatikse “above dot” (Ety/TIK).

lil

more

lil adverbial particle "more" (PE14:80)

Primitive elvish

amba

?. more

Primitive elvish [PE17/091] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Sindarin 

am

up, up, [G.] upwards, towards head of, above

The basic Sindarin adverb and prefix for “up”, very well attested and derived from the root √AM of the same meaning. Since the m survives in this adverb, it must have been derived from amb- (PE22/35); compare its Quenya equivalent Q. amba.

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where G. am appeared as an adverb with the glosses “up, upwards, towards head of” (GL/19). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document, G. am was first glossed “above”, but was quickly revised to “above, up” (PE13/109). Starting with Early Noldorin word-lists of the 1920s and into The Etymologies of the 1930s, the gloss was only “up” (PE13/137, 159; Ety/AM²).

am

adverb/adjective. more

A neologism coined by Fayanzār posted on 2018-01-06 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), inspired by ambë “more”. The word am is more frequently used for “up” in Sindarin, but the two senses are close enough that the can coexist, distinguished by context: anno am annin “give up [= more] to me” vs. pado am i bend “walk up the slope”.

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

Noldorin 

am

up

Noldorin [Ety/AM²; PE22/035] Group: Eldamo. Published by

am

preposition. up, upwards, upon

Noldorin [Ety/348] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Solosimpi

amba

adverb. amba

Solosimpi [PE13/159] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

amba

adverb. up

Early Quenya [PE13/137; PE13/159; PE16/062] Group: Eldamo. Published by

am(u)-

prefix. up(wards)

Early Quenya [LT2A/Amon Gwareth; PE16/075; QL/030] Group: Eldamo. Published by

am-

prefix. up(wards)

amu

adverb. up(wards)

Early Quenya [QL/030] Group: Eldamo. Published by

olda

adjective. more

An adjective for “more” in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, with a variant form ᴱQ. lilda (PE14/48, 80). It had adverbial forms ᴱQ. oldo(s) or lildo(s) with short forms ol or lil. All these forms appeared in contemporaneous English-Qenya Dictionary with the translation “more” (PE15/75).

Early Quenya [PE14/048; PE14/080; PE15/75] Group: Eldamo. Published by

oldo(s)

adverb. more

Early Quenya [PE14/048; PE14/080; PE15/75] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

amba

adverb. up(wards)

Qenya [Ety/AM²; Ety/UNU; PE22/021] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ama

adverb. up

namba

noun. hammer

A noun for “a hammer” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√NDAM “hammer, beat” (Ety/NDAM). Tolkien wrote an l/ above this word, possibly indicating a variant form lamba (EtyAC/NDAM). This variant is consistent with the alternate form of the root: ᴹ√DAM (EtyAC/NDAM). I would stick to namba “hammer” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. artan (artam-) or tartan “hammer” (QL/32), the second variant also appearing with a stem form tartam- under the early root ᴱ√TARA(MA) “to batter, thud, beat” (QL/89). Other early “hammer” words include ᴱQ. petl “hammer” under the early root ᴱ√PETE (QL/73) and ᴱQ. tonga “a great hammer” under the early root ᴱ√TOŊO “to hammer” (QL/94).

Qenya [Ety/NDAM; EtyAC/NDAM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

am-

prefix. up

Middle Primitive Elvish

amba-

adverb. amba-

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/AM²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

am

root. up

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/AM²; Ety/NDŪ; Ety/PEN; Ety/UNU] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

amba-ros-sa

adjective. amba-ros-sa

Early Primitive Elvish [PE13/159] Group: Eldamo. Published by

am(u)

root. up(wards)

Early Primitive Elvish [LT2A/Amon Gwareth; PE13/109; QL/030] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Noldorin

am

adverb. up

Early Noldorin [PE13/137; PE13/159] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

gaid

adverb. more

A word for “more” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s related to the prefix G. ga- “very, more” (GL/36).

gantha

adverb. more

orthi

adverb. up