amuntë

sunrise

amuntë noun "sunrise" (LT2:335; Tolkien's later Quenya has anarórë)

Ambalar

east

Ambalar noun "East" (MC:221; this is "Qenya")

Ambarónë

uprising, sunrise, orient

Ambarónë noun "uprising, sunrise, Orient" (AM2)

Rómë

east

Rómë noun "east", variant of Rómen (PE17:59). Possessive romeva (read rómeva?), genitive rómeö (Ibid.)

anarórë

sunrise

anarórë noun "sunrise" (ORO)

hró-

prefix. east

hróme(n)

noun. east

hrómen

east

hrómen noun "east", variant of the more common Rómen, q.v. (PE17:18)

orontë

sunrise

orontë, oronto noun "Sunrise" (LT1:264). Notice that in Tolkiens later Quenya, orontë is also the intransitive pa.t. ("rose") of the verb orta- "rise/raise" (q.v.)

orró-

uprising, sunrise, east

orró-, hró- "uprising, sunrise, east" (PE17:18), element underlying words like the following, and also hróna (q.v.)

róme

noun. east

rómen

east

rómen, Rómen noun "east" (RŌ, MEN, SA:men), "uprising, sunrise, east" (SA:rómen); also name of tengwa #25 (Appendix E). Possessive form rómenwa (PE17:59).Variant hrómen, PE17:18. Rómenna, a place in the eastern part of Númenor, is simply the allative "eastward" (SA:rómen), cf. also rómenna in LR:47, 56. Ablative Rómello "from the East" or "[to one] from the East", hence Tolkien's translation "to those from the East" in his rendering of Namárië (Nam, RGEO:67, PE17:59; Romello with a short o in VT49:32). Masc. name Rómendacil "East-victor" (Appendix A; cf. Letters:425). Masc. name Rómestámo, Róme(n)star "East-helper" (PM:384, 391; probably ?Rómenstar must always become Rómestar, but Tolkien cited the form as Róme(n)star to indicate the connection with rómen "east")

róna

east

róna adj.? "east" (RŌ). Compare hróna.

róna

adjective. east

amrûn

noun. sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising

Cognates

• Q. Ambaróna “Eastern (Land)” ✧ PE17/091
• Q. rómen “east, uprising, sunrise” ✧ LotR/1123; PE17/018; SA/rómen

Elements

Word	Gloss
am	“up, up, [G.] upwards, towards head of, above”
rhûn	“east, east, [N.] eastern; †rising”

Variations

• Amrûn ✧ LotR/1116

amrûn

noun. east, orient

amrûn

noun. east

_n. _east. Q. orrō uprising, sunrise, east. >> rhûn

amrûn

adjective. of the uprising

adj. of the uprising, eastern. Q. ambaróna. >> rhûn

rûn

noun. east

n. #east. Q. rómen.

rûn

noun. east

rhûn

noun. east

n. east. Q. hrō- uprising, sunrise, east. >> amrûn

rhûn

noun. east, east, [N.] eastern; †rising

The Sindarin word for “east”, cognate of Q. rómen (LotR/1116, 1123). It was ultimately derived from the root √RŌ/ORO “rise” (Ety/RŌ), and so likely originally meant “rising” as in “rising sun” (PE22/35).

Conceptual Development: The word N. rhûn “east” appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s along with ᴹQ. rómen, both derived from ᴹ√RŌ (Ety/RŌ). At the time, there were no problems with this equivalence, since [[n|initial [r] was unvoiced]] in Noldorin. Tolkien went on to use both these forms in The Lord of the Rings.

Unfortunately, Tolkien later abandoned the unvoicing of initial r in Sindarin, making these two forms problematic. Tolkien considered modifying the Sindarin form to rûn (PE17/88) or the Quenya form to hrómen (PE17/18). The latter was probably derived from an s-strengthened form of the root ᴹ√SRŌ (PE22/127), where the initial sr- would become voiceless [r] in both Quenya and Sindarin. Ultimately, though, he left both forms alone. Perhaps he decided the s-strengthening of the root was a Sindarin-only variant.

Cognates

• Q. rómen “east, uprising, sunrise” ✧ LotR/1123; PE17/018; PE17/074; PE17/088; SA/rómen

Derivations

• √(S)RŌ “east”

Element in

• S. amrûn “sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising” ✧ PE17/122
• S. Rhudaur “?East Forest”
• S. Rhûn “East”
• S. Rhúnedain “*Easterlings” ✧ PE17/018
• S. rhúnen “eastern” ✧ SA/rómen
• S. Rúnavar ✧ PE17/139
• S. Rúnedhel ✧ PE17/141
• S. Rúneglon

Variations

• Rhûn ✧ PE17/074
• rûn ✧ PE17/088
• rún ✧ PE17/139; PE17/141

rhûn

noun. east

rhûn

place name. East

The great inland sea of the East (LotR/1045), which is simply rhûn “east” used as a name.

Conceptual Development: On draft maps for the Lord of the Rings from the 1940s, this name was N. Rhûnaer “Eastern Sea” (TI/307), also appearing as Rúnaer >> Rhúnaer in drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices (PM/198). A similar form N. Rúnaeluin appears in the drafts of the final chapters of the Lord of the Rings, and might be a variation of this name (SD/65, 71 note #9).

Elements

Word	Gloss
rhûn	“east, east, [N.] eastern; †rising”

amrûn

uprising

(noun) amrûn (sunrise, orient, east), pl. emrŷn

amrûn

sunrise

amrûn (orient, east, uprising), pl. emrŷn

amrûn

orient

amrûn (sunrise, east, uprising)

amrûn

uprising

(sunrise, orient, east), pl. emrŷn

amrûn

sunrise

(orient, east, uprising), pl. emrŷn

amrûn

orient

(sunrise, east, uprising)

rhûn

east

(?na Thrûn) (maybe primarily ”the East” as a region), also amrûn (sunrise, orient, uprising). The term ✱Rhúven (?na Thrúven) is maybe primarily ”east” as a direction; the final element means ”way”. This word is spelt ”rhufen” in the source (LR:384 s.v. RŌ), but it would seem that f here represents v. –

rhuven

noun. east

rhu

east

*(as in Rhudaur ”Eastwood”, name of a realm: rhu- + taur ”wood”)*.

azûl

noun. east

A noun for “east” attested only in the prepositional phrase azûlada “eastward, ✱to the east” = azûl + -ada “to(ward)” (SD/247, 312).

Element in

• Ad. balîk hazad an-Nimruzîr azûlada “seven ships of Elendil [went] eastward” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. Adūnāim azūlada “The Adunai (Men of W.) eastward” ✧ SD/312

Variations

• azūl ✧ SD/247; SD/312

(s)rō Reconstructed

root. east

Derivatives

• Q. ro- “uprising, sunrise, east”
• S. rhûn “east, east, [N.] eastern; †rising”

Elements

Word	Gloss
RŌ/ORO	“up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount, up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising”

amrûn

noun. east, orient

amrûn

noun. uprising, sunrise, Orient, east

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ambaróne “uprising, sunrise, Orient” ✧ Ety/AM²
• ᴹQ. róna “east” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Elements

Word	Gloss
am	“up”
rhûn	“east, eastern; †rising”

Variations

• am-rún ✧ Ety/AM²
• am-rûn ✧ EtyAC/AM²
• amrún ✧ PE22/035
• Amrūn ✧ PE22/041

rhûn

noun. east

rhufen

noun. east

rhufen

adjective. east

Cognates

• ᴹQ. rómen “east” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Derivations

• ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√RŌ > rhufen	[rōmena] > [rūmena] > [rūmen] > [r̥ūmen] > [r̥umen] > [r̥uven]	✧ Ety/RŌ