-ina ending for what Tolkien called "general 'passive' participle" (VT43:15); compare nótina "counted", rácina "broken", hastaina "marred" (q.v.). The stem-vowel is usually lengthened when the ending is added to the stem of a primary verb (as in the two first examples above), though the lengthening fails to occur (or is not denoted) in carina as the passive participle of car- "make, do" (VT43:15).
Quenya
carina
participle. made
carina
adjective. done, done, [ᴱQ.] finished
Element in
- Q. lacarina “undone, undone, *unfinished” ✧ PE22/156
Variations
- karina ✧ PE22/156 (karina)
carna
built, made
-ina
general 'passive' participle
car-
make, do, build, form
car- (1) vb. "make, do, build, form" (1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit). Regarding the form carize- (PE17:128), see -s #1. Pa.t. carnë (KAR, PE17:74, 144). The infinitival aorist stem carë ("k") (by Patrick Wynne called a "general aorist infinitive" in VT49:34) occurs in ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34), also in áva carë "don't do it" (WJ:371) and uin carë (PE17:68); in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the "simplest aorist infinitive", the same source referring to carië as the "general infinitive" of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar ("k") "those who form words" (WJ:391, cf. VT49:16), continuative cára, future caruva (PE17:144), carita ("k"), infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" (VT42:33), with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle #carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina ("k"), read perhaps *cárina. (Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15.) PE17:68 refers to a "simple past passive participle" of the form carinwa ("kari-nwa"). "Rare" past participle active (?) cárienwa* ("k") "having done" (PE17:68), unless this is also a kind of passive participle (the wording of the source is unclear). Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë ("káre") "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë (LR:362) even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë "war-made", made war (see #ohtacar-). Also cárië with various suffixes: cárier ("kárier") is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence "they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto* ("k") must also be "they made" (cf. -lto). Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë "hard to make / do", urucarin "made with difficulty" (PE17:154), saucarya "evil-doing" (PE17:68).
car-
verb. to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build
Cognates
Derivations
Element in
- Q. A carnë ta yallë B (carnë) “A did that as / like B (did)” ✧ PE17/074; PE17/074
- ᴺQ. ahtar- “to do back, react; to requite, avenge”
- Q. ahtar- “to do back, react; to requite, avenge”
- Q. alacarna “well-done, well-made”
- Q. alasaila ná lá carë tai mo nave mára “it is unwise not to do what one judges good” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/34
- Q. á carë (sí) ancárië “try harder” ✧ PE17/094; PE17/094; PE17/094; PE17/094
- ᴺQ. ascarë “easily done”
- ᴺQ. atacar- “to revenge, (lit.) back-make”
- Q. áva carë “Don’t do it” ✧ WJ/371
- ᴺQ. cacar- “to continue, go on doing”
- Q. carda “deed” ✧ PE22/152
- Q. carë “action, doing, making”
- Q. carë mára quí tyarë naxa “doing good may cause evil” ✧ PE22/154
- ᴺQ. cariendë “production”
- Q. carilye tar “you do, sir” ✧ PE17/058
- Q. cárima “feasible, possible (to do), able to be done, feasible, possible (to do), able to be done, [ᴹQ.] able to be made”
- Q. carina “done, done, [ᴱQ.] finished” ✧ VT43/15
- Q. carma “tool, implement, means, weapon” ✧ PE22/152
- Q. carmë “art; making, production; structure”
- Q. -carya “doing”
- Q. ecë nin care sa “I can do that” ✧ VT49/20
- Q. ecuva nin carë sa nöa “I ‘may’ do that tomorrow, I have a chance of doing that [tomorrow]” ✧ VT49/20
- Q. hrúcarë “evil-doing”
- Q. i carir quettar ómainen “those who form words with voices” ✧ WJ/391
- Q. ilucara “omnificent” ✧ VT39/20
- Q. lacarë “not-doing, inaction” ✧ PE22/154
- Q. lá carita i hamil mára alasaila ná “not to do (in this case) what you judge good (would be) unwise” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/33
- Q. lá caritas alasaila cé nauva “not doing this may be/prove unwise” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/34
- Q. lá caritas, navin, alasaila ná “not doing this would be (I think) unwise” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/34
- Q. la navin caritalyas mára “I do not advise you to do so, (lit.) I don’t judge your doing (it) good” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/33
- Q. ma caruvalwë ohta “shall we make war” ✧ PE22/161
- ᴺQ. maicarindo “benefactor”
- Q. na carë indómelya “thy will be done” ✧ VT43/15; VT43/15; VT43/15
- Q. nancar- “to undo, to undo, *destroy”
- ᴺQ. ocar- “to cooperate, work together, participate”
- ᴺQ. ocaraitië “program, a set of activities”
- Q. orë nin caritas “I feel an urge/wish/desire to do it” ✧ VT41/13
- Q. orë nin caritas nó namin alasaila “I would like / feel moved to do so but judge it unwise” ✧ VT41/13
- Q. sustanë Manwëo súlë ten i indo Sindicollo ar he lastanë ar carnes “*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol and he listened and did it” ✧ NM/239
- ᴺQ. tercara “thorough, elaborate, comprehensive”
- Q. uan carë “I do not make” ✧ PE17/144
- Q. uan cára “I am not making” ✧ PE17/144
- Q. uan carnë “I did not make” ✧ PE17/144
- Q. uan caruva “I am not going to make” ✧ PE17/144; PE17/144
- Q. úcar- “*to trespass, do wrong, sin”
- Q. uin carë “I do not make” ✧ PE17/068; PE22/152
- ᴺQ. ulcarindo “evil-doer”
- Q. urucárima “hard to make / do”
- Q. urucarin “made with difficulty”
- Q. vá caris i “he is not to do it (now or ever); in any case (whatever may be said, desired, or may occur to the contrary) he is not to do this” ✧ PE22/162
- Q. vá caruvalwë (ohta) “we will not (make war)” ✧ PE22/161
- Q. vá caruvas i ✧ PE22/162
- Q. ván caruva “I will not (do not intend) to make” ✧ PE17/144
- ᴺQ. yocar- “to assemble, compose, construct”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶karize- > karis- [karise] > [karize] > [karire] ✧ PE17/129 ✶*kar ubā ni > caruvan(ye)* [karubāni] > [karubān] > [karuβān] > [karuβan] > [karuvan] ✧ PE22/167 Variations
- kar- ✧ PE22/152; VT39/20 (kar-)
en
made
en (3) particle that may be inserted before a past tense form to indicate that it refers to a remote past (VT45:12), apparently twice attested in Fíriel's Song (LR:72), e.g. en cárë ("k") "made" (long ago). This particle may have been obsoleted by en "still" from a later source.
carna passive participle *"built, made" in Vincarna "newly-made" (MR:408), also struck-out alacarna "well-done, well-made" (PE17:172). Carna would seem to be the passive participle of car-, though a longer form carina (read *cárina?) is also attested (VT43:15).