rotsë

pipe

rotsë noun "pipe" (LT2:347); pl. rotser (?) in Narqelion? (Cf. QL:xiv)

russa

red-haired

russa adj. "red-haired" (VT41:10)

russa

adjective. red-haired

Cognates

• S. ross “red-haired, copper-coloured” ✧ VT41/10

Derivations

• ✶russā “red-haired, copper-coloured”
  • √RUS “brownish red”

Element in

• Q. Ambarussa “Top-russet”
• Q. Atyarussa “Second-russa” ✧ VT41/10
• Q. Minyarussa “First-russa” ✧ VT41/10
• ᴺQ. russambos “robin”
• Q. Russandol “Copper-top”

urus

copper

urus (urust-) noun "copper" (VT41:10)

urus

noun. copper

Cognates

• S. rust “copper” ✧ VT41/10
• T. urus “copper” ✧ VT41/10

Derivations

• √RUS “brownish red” ✧ VT41/10

Element in

• Q. calarus “polished copper” ✧ VT41/10
• Q. lairus “verdigris” ✧ VT41/10
• ᴺQ. urusta “of copper”
• ᴺQ. urustamitta “copper-piece”
• ᴺQ. urustan “copper-smith”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√(u)rus > urus	[urusto] > [urust] > [urus]	✧ VT41/10

rin

dew

rin noun "dew" (LT1:265; rather rossë in LotR-style Quenya)

ulo

noun. rain

ulo

noun. rain

A noun for “rain” in Late Notes on Verbs from 1969 given as {ulla >>} ulo in the phrase ulo úva “rain (unwelcome) is coming”, clearly related to the impersonal verb ul- “to rain” appearing in its future form on the same page: uluva “it will rain” (PE22/167).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, the noun for “rain” was ᴱQ. úqil, likewise related to the contemporaneous verb ᴱQ. uqin “it rains” (QL/98).

Changes

• ulla → ulo “rain” ✧ PE22/167

Derivations

• √UL “pour (out), flow, pour (out), flow, [ᴱ√] flow fast”

Element in

• Q. ulo úva “rain (unwelcome) is coming/threatens” ✧ PE22/167
• ᴺQ. ulutelme “umbrella, rainshade”

Variations

• ulla ✧ PE22/167 (ulla)

winga

foam, spray

winga noun "foam, spray" (Markirya). Also wingë.

fallë

foam

fallë noun "foam" (PHAL/PHÁLAS)

rauta

metal

rauta noun "metal" [meaning changed by Tolkien from "copper"]. Notice that in the LotR, the word for metal is given as tinco. (RAUTĀ)

simpa

pipe, flute

simpa noun "pipe, flute" (LT1:266)

timpinë

spray

timpinë noun "spray" (LT1:268)

tinco

metal

tinco noun "metal" (TINKŌ), also name of tengwa #1 (Appendix E, there spelt "tinco", but "tinko" in Etym); tincotéma noun "t-series", dental series, first column of the Tengwar system (Appendix E)

tinco

noun. metal

Derivations

• ᴹ√TINKŌ “metal”

Element in

• ᴺQ. tincina “metallic”
• Q. tincotéma “t-series”

tambë

copper

tambë (2) noun "copper" (LT1:250; this is "Qenya"; see urus for a later word for "copper")

tampë

copper

tampë noun "copper" (LT1:268; in LotR-style Quenya tampë is [also?] the past tense of tap- "stop, block")

wingë

foam, crest of wave, crest

wingë noun "foam, crest of wave, crest" (WIG); "foam, spindrift" (LT1:273). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, wingë was also the name of tengwa #24, which letter Tolkien would later call wilya > vilya instead. - Also winga (so in Markirya).

alca-

verb. glitter

glitter

falasta-

to foam

falasta- vb. "to foam", participle falastala "foaming, surging" in Markirya

mirilya-

glitter

mirilya- vb. "glitter" (MBIRIL)

simpina

pipe, flute

simpina noun "pipe, flute" (LT1:266)

ross

noun. foam

n. foam. >> hross

ross

noun. rain

ross

adjective. red-haired, copper coloured (especially used of animals, as fox, red deer, etc.)

ross

adjective. red-haired, copper-coloured

Cognates

• Q. russa “red-haired” ✧ VT41/10

Derivations

• ✶russā “red-haired, copper-coloured” ✧ PM/366; VT41/10
  • √RUS “brownish red”
• √RUS “brownish red” ✧ VT41/10

Element in

• S. Amras “Top-russet”
• S. Maedhros “*Shapely and Red-haired” ✧ PM/366; VT41/10

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶russā > ross	[russā] > [russa] > [rossa] > [ross]	✧ PM/366

Variations

• ross ✧ PM/366; VT41/10; VT41/10

ross

noun. rain; spindrift, spray, foam, rain; spray, spindrift, foam

The best known Sindarin word for “rain” (MR/155; Ety/ROS¹), also used for “spindrift, spray” (PM/368) and “foam” (PE17/121), derived from the root √ROS (PM/368).

Conceptual Development: The earliest precursor to this word may be G. {nôs >>} G. noss or noth “rain” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/60), likely derived from the early root ᴱ√NOSO or ᴱ√NOTO which had Qenya derivatives of similar meaning (QL/67). The Etymologies of the 1930s instead had N. rhoss “rain” derived from the root ᴹ√ROS “distil, drip” (Ety/ROS¹), as seen in names from this period such as N. Celebros “Silver-rain” (Ety/ROS¹; LR/140), N. Silivros “Glimmering Rain” (Ety/ROS¹; LR/210), and N. Rauros “Rush-rain, Roar-rain” (TI/285).

In later writings Tolkien began to translate S. ross as “foam”, in names like S. Cair Andros “Ship of Long Foam” (LotR/1115; PM/371), S. Elros “Star-foam” (PM/349; Let/448) and S. Celebros “Foam-silver” (WJ/151). This word and its root gave Tolkien considerable difficulty, and in a 1968 essay labeled The Problem of Ros (PM/367-371), Tolkien first gave their meaning as “spray, spindrift”, but then explored the possibility that they were instead loan words from Bëorian. However, he was forced to abandon this line of reasoning when he remembered that S. Andros “Long-foam” has appeared in The Lord of the Rings appendices as a Sindarin word.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use the noun ross mainly with the sense “rain”. I would use gwing for “foam, spindrift”. However, to preserve words like Cair Andros, I would also allow the use of ross for any more or less continuous “spray of water”, such as with waterfalls as indicated by the name Rauros “Roaring Spray” (RC/327).

Derivations

• ✶rossē “dew, spray (of fall or fountain)”
  • √ROS “spindrift, spray, spindrift, spray; [ᴹ√] distil, drip”
• √ROS “spindrift, spray, spindrift, spray; [ᴹ√] distil, drip” ✧ PM/368

Element in

• S. Alphros
• S. Cair Andros “Ship of Long Foam” ✧ PM/371; SA/ros
• S. Celebros “Silver Foam, Silver Rain” ✧ SA/ros
• S. Elros “Star-foam” ✧ PM/368; PM/371; SA/ros
• S. Rauros “Roaring Spray” ✧ SA/ros
• ᴺS. rostaur “rainforest”
• S. Silivros “Sparkling Rain” ✧ MR/155

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ROS > ross-	[rosse] > [ross]	✧ PM/368

Variations

• ross ✧ PE17/121
• ross- ✧ PM/368; PM/368

hross

noun. foam

n. foam. >> ross

rust

noun. copper

rust

noun. copper

Cognates

• Q. urus “copper” ✧ VT41/10

Derivations

• √RUS “brownish red” ✧ VT41/10

Element in

• S. rustui “copper, copper, *of copper, like copper” ✧ VT41/10

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√(u)rus > rust	[uruste] > [urust] > [urust] > [rust]	✧ VT41/10

rustui

adjective. of copper

rustui

adjective. copper, copper, *of copper, like copper

raud

noun. metal

raud

noun. metal

Element in

• S. Rodëol “metal of Eöl” ✧ WJ/322

galenas

noun. pipe-weed (leaf) or "westmansweed", a variety of Nicotiana

mîdh

noun. dew, dew, *moisture, damp(ness); [ᴱN.] mist, drizzle

A Sindarin word for “dew” given as míð in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s as a derivative of ✶mizdē “drizzle” (PE19/101), illustrating how [[os|[z] vanished before [d] lengthening preceding vowel]] in (Old) Sindarin.

Conceptual Development: N. mîdh “dew” also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, already with the same derivation as given above (Ety/MIZD), though Tolkien first wrote its gloss as “fine rain” (EtyAC/MIZD). This deleted gloss seems to be a remnant of ᴱN. midh “mist, drizzle” from Early Noldorin Word-lists, but there its primitive form was ᴱ✶míye (PE13/150).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would extend the meaning of this word to include “✱moisture, damp(ness)” in general, especially as the result of a previous rain.

Derivations

• ✶mizdē “drizzle” ✧ PE19/101
  • √MIZDI “*fine rain, dew”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶mizdē > míð	[mizdē] > [mizde] > [mīde] > [mīðe] > [mīð]	✧ PE19/101

Variations

• míð ✧ PE19/101

mîdh

noun. dew

dew

mîdh

dew

1) mîdh (i vîdh, construct midh), no distinct form in pl. except with article (i mîdh), 2) ross (construct ros) (foam, rain, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

mîdh

dew

(i vîdh, construct midh), no distinct form in pl. except with article (i mîdh)

tinc

metal

tinc (i dinc, o thinc), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thinc), coll. pl. tingath. The word rhaud “metal” occurring in the Etymologies would normally be ”updated” to Sindarin in the form raud, but since raud appears with different meanings in later sources (see

tinc

metal

(i** dinc, o thinc), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thinc), coll. pl. tingath. The word rhaud** “metal” occurring in the Etymologies would normally be ”updated” to Sindarin in the form raud, but since raud** appears with different meanings in later sources (see

tinc

eminent

should at least be preferred for clarity).

ross

foam

(construct ros) (rain, dew, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss) (Letters:282). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”

ross

red-haired

ross (russet, copper-coloured, reddish), pl. ryss. _(PM:366, VT41:9) _Note: homophones mean ””foam, rain, dew, spray” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

ross

red-haired

(russet, copper-coloured, reddish), pl. ryss. (PM:366, VT41:9) Note: homophones mean ””foam, rain, dew, spray” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

ross

copper-coloured

(russet, red-haired, reddish), pl. ryss. (PM:366, VT41:9) Note: homophones mean ””foam, rain, dew, spray” and also ”polished metal, glitter”

ross

glitter

†ross (polished metal), pl. ryss (idh ryss). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”spray, foam, rain, dew”.

ross

glitter

(polished metal), pl. ryss (idh ryss). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”spray, foam, rain, dew”.

ross

rain

ross (construct ros) (foam, dew, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

ross

rain

(construct ros) (foam, dew, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

ross

polished metal

(glitter), pl. ryss (idh** ryss**). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”spray, foam, rain, dew”. For concrete metals, see

ross

dew

(construct ros) (foam, rain, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

ross

spray

(construct ros) (foam, rain, dew), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

ross

polished metal

†ross (glitter), pl. ryss (idh ryss). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”spray, foam, rain, dew”. For concrete metals, see COPPER, GOLD, IRON, SILVER. Unidentified metals: 1) mithril (i vithril, no distinct pl. form except with article [i mithril], coll. pl. ?mithrillath). The description of mithril may seem to fit titanium. 2) galvorn (i **alvorn, pl. gelvyrn [in ngelvyrn**] if there is a pl.), a black metal made by the Dark Elf Eöl. (WJ:322)

ross

polished metal

†ross (glitter), pl. ryss (idh ryss). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”spray, foam, rain, dew”.

ross

noun. polished metal

ross

reddish

ross (russet, copper-coloured, red-haired), pl. ryss. _(PM:366, VT41:9) Note: homophones mean ””foam, rain, dew, spray” and also ”polished metal, glitter” )_

ross

reddish

(russet, copper-coloured, red-haired), pl. ryss. (PM:366, VT41:9) Note: homophones mean ””foam, rain, dew, spray” and also ”polished metal, glitter” )

rust

copper

rust, pl. ryst (idh ryst) if there is a pl. Possibly also ?urun (pl. yryn if there is a pl.).

rust

copper

pl. ryst (idh ryst) if there is a pl.  Possibly also ?urun (pl. yryn if there is a pl.).

galvorn

copper, gold,  iron, silver

(i** ’alvorn, pl. gelvyrn [in ngelvyrn*] if there is a pl.), a black metal made by the Dark Elf Eöl. (WJ:322)*

mithril

copper, gold,  iron, silver

(i** vithril, no distinct pl. form except with article [i** mithril], coll. pl. ?mithrillath). The description of mithril may seem to fit titanium.

eilia

rain

(vb.) eilia-, impersonal 3rd singular uil "it rains". (In ”Noldorin”, the impersonal form was "oeil" = öil, later eil.)

eilia

rain

impersonal 3rd singular uil "it rains". (In ”Noldorin”, the impersonal form was "oeil" = öil, later eil.)

falf

foam

(breaker), pl. felf, coll. pl. falvath

faltha

foam

(i faltha, i falthar)

faltha

foam

(verb) faltha- (i faltha, i falthar)

gaer

copper-coloured

1) gaer (red, reddish, ruddy); lenited aear; no distinct pl. form. (This is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” goer.) Note: homophones mean "dreadful, awful, fearful; holy" and also "sea". 2) ross (russet, red-haired, reddish), pl. ryss. _(PM:366, VT41:9) _Note: homophones mean ””foam, rain, dew, spray” and also ”polished metal, glitter”

gaer

copper-coloured

(red, reddish, ruddy); lenited ’aear; no distinct pl. form. (This is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” goer.) Note: homophones mean "dreadful, awful, fearful; holy" and also "sea".

gwing

foam

(i ’wing) (spindrift, spume, spray blown off wave-tops), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwing)

gwing

foam

1) gwing (i **wing) (spindrift, spume, spray blown off wave-tops), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwing), 2) ross (construct ros) (rain, dew, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss) (Letters:282). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”, 3) falf (breaker), pl. felf, coll. pl. falvath**

urun

noun. copper

Derivations

• √URUN “copper”

aglar

glitter

aglar (brilliance, glory), pl. eglair if there is a pl.

aglar

glitter

(brilliance, glory), pl. eglair if there is a pl.

gwing

spray

1) (blown off wave-tops) gwing (i **wing) (foam, spindrift, spume), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwing); 2) (of fall or fountain) ross (construct ros) (foam, rain, dew), pl. ryss (idh ryss**). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

gwing

spray

(i ’wing) (foam, spindrift, spume), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwing)

urus

noun. copper

Cognates

• Q. urus “copper” ✧ VT41/10

Derivations

• √RUS “brownish red” ✧ VT41/10

russā

adjective. red-haired, copper-coloured

Derivations

• √RUS “brownish red”

Derivatives

• Q. russa “red-haired”
• S. ross “red-haired, copper-coloured” ✧ PM/366; VT41/10

Element in

• Q. Russandol “Copper-top” ✧ PM/366; VT41/10

urun

root. copper

Derivatives

• ᴺS. urun “copper”

Element in

• Q. Urundil “Copper-lover” ✧ PM/366

rhoss

noun. rain

rhoss

noun. rain

Cognates

• ᴹQ. rosse “fine rain, dew” ✧ Ety/ROS¹

Derivations

• ᴹ√ROS “distil, drip” ✧ Ety/ROS¹

Element in

• N. Cair Andros
• N. Cairros “*Ship-foam”
• N. Men Falros “*Place of Splashing Foam”
• N. Celebros “Silver Foam, Silver Rain” ✧ Ety/ROS¹
• N. Elros “Star-foam”
• N. Rauros “Rush-rain, Roar-rain”
• N. Rhosfein “*White Rain”
• N. Silivros “Glimmering Rain” ✧ Ety/ROS¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ROS¹ > rhoss	[rosse] > [ross] > [r̥oss]	✧ Ety/ROS¹

Variations

• rhoss ✧ Ety/ROS¹

rhoss

noun. polished metal

Cognates

• ᴹQ. russe “corruscation, †sword-blade” ✧ Ety/RUS

Derivations

• On. russe “polished metal” ✧ Ety/RUS
  • ᴹ√RUS “flash, glitter of metal” ✧ Ety/RUS

Element in

• N. Celebros “Silver Foam, Silver Rain” ✧ Ety/RUS
• N. Findros ✧ Ety/RUS
• N. Maidhros “Pale-glitter” ✧ Ety/RUS

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. russe > rhoss	[russe] > [rosse] > [ross] > [r̥oss]	✧ Ety/RUS

Variations

• rhoss ✧ Ety/RUS (rhoss)

rhaud

noun. metal

rhaud

noun. metal

Cognates

• ᴹQ. rauta “metal” ✧ Ety/RAUTĀ

Derivations

• On. rauta “metal” ✧ Ety/RAUTĀ
  • ᴹ√RAUTA “metal” ✧ Ety/RAUTĀ

Element in

• N. Damrod “hammerer of copper” ✧ Ety/RAUTĀ
• N. Angrod ✧ Ety/RAUTĀ
• N. Finrod ✧ Ety/RAUTĀ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. rauta > rhaud	[rauta] > [rǭta] > [routa] > [rauta] > [raut] > [r̥aut] > [r̥aud]	✧ Ety/RAUTĀ

faltha-

verb. to foam

falf

noun. foam, breaker

mîdh

noun. dew

mîdh

noun. dew

Changes

• mídh → mídh “fine rain” ✧ Ety/MIZD

Cognates

• ᴹQ. miste “fine rain” ✧ Ety/MIZD

Derivations

• ᴹ✶mizdē ✧ Ety/MIZD
  • ᴹ√MIZDI “*fine rain, dew” ✧ Ety/MIZD

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶mizdē > mídh	[mizdē] > [mizde] > [mīde] > [mīðe] > [mīð]	✧ Ety/MIZD

Variations

• mídh ✧ Ety/MIZD; EtyAC/MIZD (mídh)

tinc

noun. metal

tinc

noun. metal

Cognates

• ᴹQ. tinko “metal” ✧ Ety/TINKŌ

Derivations

• ᴹ√TINKŌ “metal” ✧ Ety/TINKŌ

Element in

• ᴺS. tingen “metallic”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√TINKŌ > tinc	[tiŋko] > [tiŋko] > [tiŋkʰo] > [tiŋxo] > [tiŋx] > [tiŋk]	✧ Ety/TINKŌ