nyar-

verb. talk

pahta

speech

pahta (2) noun "speech", i.e. language (PE17:126); accompanied by the intransitive verb pakta- "speak, talk", which would be *pahta- in Quenya, of which the transitive equivalent is quet-, q.v. The intransitive verb "speak" is also given as carpa-, q.v.

pahta

noun. speech

Cognates

• S. paeth “speech” ✧ PE17/126

Derivations

• √PAKAT “*talk, speech” ✧ PE17/126

Element in

• ᴺQ. pahtalanga “interpretation”
• Q. úpahtëa “speechless” ✧ PE17/126

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√PAKAT > pahta	[paktā] > [paxtā] > [paxta]	✧ PE17/126

Variations

• pahta ✧ PE17/126

quetil

tongue, language

quetil ("q")noun "tongue, language" (KWET)

carpa-

verb. to talk, speak, use tongue

perhaps a TALAT-stem verb

Cognates

• S. carfa- “to talk, speak, use tongue” ✧ PE17/126

Derivations

• √KARAP “*talk, speech” ✧ PE17/126

Element in

• ᴺQ. cacarpa- “to chatter”
• ᴺQ. nancarpa- “to talk back”
• ᴺQ. carpando “orator”
• ᴺQ. tulcarpa- “to rebuke”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KARAP > karpa-	[karpa-]	✧ PE17/126

Variations

• karpa- ✧ PE17/126

lamba

tongue

lamba (1) noun "tongue" (physical tongue, while lambë = "language") (WJ:394, LAB; according to VT45:25, Tolkien first wrote lambe, but as noted, this alternative form is rather used for "tongue" in the sense of "language")

lambe

noun. tongue

lambë

tongue, language

lambë noun "tongue, language" (the usual word for 'language' in non-technical use) (WJ:368, 394, ÑGAL/ÑGALAM), "the language or dialect of a particular country or people...never used for 'language' in general, but only for particular forms of speech" (VT39:15); also name of tengwa #27 (Appendix E). (In early "Qenya", lambë was defined as "tongue" of body, but also of land, or even = "speech" [LT2:339]. In LotR-style Quenya lambë only means "tongue = speech", whereas the word for a physical tongue is lamba.) Lambë Valarinwa "Valarin tongue" (WJ:397), lambë Quendion "the language of the Elves" (PM:395), Lambengolmor pl. noun "Loremasters of Tongues", a school founded by Fëanor (WJ:396); sg. #Lambengolmo. Spelt Lambeñgolmor in VT48:6.

nyar-

verb. to relate, recite, to relate, recite, [ᴹQ.] tell, talk

Derivations

• ᴹ√NYAR “tell, relate”
• ✶ñgyar- “recite” ✧ PE19/076

Element in

• Q. avanyárima “unspeakable, what one must not tell, not to be told or related”
• Q. únyárima “impossible to recount”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ñgyar- > nyare	[ŋgjar-] > [ndjar-] > [njar-]	✧ PE19/076

quenya

speech

quenya noun (original adj.) "speech" (PM:399); the language-name Quenya is said to mean properly "language, speech" (WJ:393); cf. the phrase coirëa quenya "living speech" (PM:399).However, Quenya (archaic Quendya, still so in Vanyarin) is also interpreted "Elvish" (Letters:176), sc. the adjective corresponding to Quendi (WJ:374), but it was no longer used as a general adjective. Quenya lambë"Quenya tongue" (WJ:407). The command queta Quenya! "speak Quenya!" was used in the sense of "speak precisely and intelligibly, put into actual words" (instead of using hand signs or looks); the word Quenya is here used adverbially (PE17:138). The variant queta quenyā (PE17:137) appears to use the distinct accusative (formed by lengthening a final vowel) known from "Book Quenya".

carfa

verb. talk

v. talk, speak, use tongue. pa.t. agarfant.

pedo

verb. speak! say!

ped-

verb. to speak, to say

lam

noun. physical tongue

lam

tongue

_ n. _tongue. Q. lambe. >> lammen

carfa-

verb. to talk, speak, use tongue

Cognates

• Q. carpa- “to talk, speak, use tongue” ✧ PE17/126

Derivations

• √KARAP “*talk, speech” ✧ PE17/126

Element in

• S. agarfant beth “he spoke words” ✧ PE17/126

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KARAP > carfa	[karpa-] > [karpʰa-] > [karɸa-] > [karfa-]	✧ PE17/126

Variations

• carfa ✧ PE17/126

glam

noun. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise

glam

noun. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts

glam

noun. any body of Orcs

glamb

noun. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise

glamb

noun. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts

glamb

noun. any body of Orcs

glamm

noun. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise

glamm

noun. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts

glamm

noun. any body of Orcs

paeth

noun. speech

probably related to Q. pahta 'speech'. >> Golodhbaeth

paeth

noun. speech

Cognates

• Q. pahta “speech” ✧ PE17/126

Derivations

• √PAKAT “*talk, speech” ✧ PE17/126

Element in

• S. Golodhbaeth “*Noldor-speech” ✧ PE17/126
• S. paeth e Ngolodhrim “*speech of the Noldor” ✧ PE17/126; PE17/126
• ᴺS. paethron “orator”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√PAKAT > paeth	[paktā] > [pakta] > [paktʰa] > [paxθa] > [paiθa] > [paiθ] > [paeθ]	✧ PE17/126

ped

speak

ped- (i **bêd**, i phedir) (say), pa.t. pent (attested in mutated form -phent); the imperative pedo is also attested.: No word simply meaning “spear” is attested, but cf. the following:

ped

speak

(i bêd, i phedir) (say), pa.t. pent (attested in mutated form -phent); the imperative pedo is also attested.

paetha-

verb. to utter, speak, talk

Cognates

• ᴺQ. pahta- “to speak, talk (intransitive)”

Derivations

• √PAKAT “*talk, speech”

Element in

• ᴺS. paethad “oratory”

lam

tongue

(both body-part and = ”dialect, language”) lam (pl. laim, coll. pl. lammath). (WJ:394, 416) Not: lam is also used = ”echo, voice, echoing voice”.

lam

tongue

(pl. laim, coll. pl. lammath). (WJ:394, 416) Not: lam is also used = ”echo, voice, echoing voice”.

lammas

account of tongues

lammen

my tongue

.

karap

root. *talk, speech

The root √KARAP appeared with various forms and meanings throughout Tolkien’s life. Perhaps the earliest iteration was ᴱ√KᴬRPᴬR [KṚPṚ] “pluck” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/45), with derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon as well such as G. carp “bundle, bunch” and G. crib- “gather, pluck” (GL/25, 27). The verb form ᴱ✶kṛp- > ᴱQ. karpe “pluck” reappeared in the Early Qenya grammar of the 1920s (PE14/58).

The root ᴹ√KARPA appeared unglossed in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1) from the 1930s as an example of a KALTA-stem root, but whether it was related to earlier √KṚPṚ is unclear. Possibly also related is N. carab “hat”, appearing in N. Amon Carab which was an earlier name of S. Amon Rûdh.

Finally, the root √KARAP appeared in notes probably dating to the early 1960s, serving as the basis for various “speech” words such as Q. carpa-/S. carfa- “talk, speak, use tongue”, but that root was probably replaced by √PAKAT (PE17/126). Given the muddled history of this root, I would mostly avoid its use for purposes of Neo-Eldarin, though it is needed to justify N. carab “hat”.

Derivatives

• Q. carpa “(entire) mouth; phonetic system” ✧ PE17/126
• Q. carpa- “to talk, speak, use tongue” ✧ PE17/126
• S. carfa- “to talk, speak, use tongue” ✧ PE17/126

pakat

root. *talk, speech

This root appeared in notes probably dating to the early 1960s as the basis for words for “speech”, probably replacing another root √KARAP of similar meaning, and with a deleted variant √PATAK (PE17/126). The root √PAKAT itself was probably a restoration of a (hypothetical) early root ✱ᴱ√PAKATA, the likely basis for “speech” words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. pactha- “utter, speak, talk” and G. paithron “orator” (GL/63).

Changes

• PATAK → PAKAT ✧ PE17/126

Derivatives

• ᴺQ. pahta- “to speak, talk (intransitive)”
• Q. pakta- “to speak, talk (intransitive)” ✧ PE17/126
• Q. pahta “speech” ✧ PE17/126
• S. paeth “speech” ✧ PE17/126
• ᴺS. paetha- “to utter, speak, talk”

Variations

• PATAK ✧ PE17/126 (PATAK)

ped-

verb. to speak

Element in

• N. pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter” ✧ TI/182
• N. ubed “denial”

lham

noun. physical tongue

glamb

noun. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise

glamb

noun. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts

glamb

noun. any body of Orcs

glamm

noun. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise

glamm

noun. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts

glamm

noun. any body of Orcs

lhamb

noun. physical tongue

lamben

place name. Tongue

A transient name for the Naith in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, glossed “Tongue” (TI/280). It seems to be an elaboration or variant form of N. lham(b) “tongue”.

Elements

Word	Gloss
lham(b)	“tongue”

lham(b)

noun. tongue

Cognates

• ᴹQ. lamba “tongue” ✧ Ety/LAB

Derivations

• ᴹ✶lambe
  • ᴹ√LAB “lick” ✧ Ety/ÑGAL
• ᴹ√LAB “lick” ✧ Ety/LAB

Element in

• N. Lamben “Tongue”
• N. Lhammas “Account of Tongues, Linguistic History”
• N. Lhamthanc “Forked Tongue”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LAB > lham(b)	[lambe] > [lamb] > [l̥amb] > [l̥amb] > [l̥amm] > [l̥am]	✧ Ety/LAB

Variations

• lham ✧ PE22/035
• lhamb ✧ PE22/035 (lhamb)