Quenya 

sercë

blood

sercë ("k")noun "blood" _(SA:sereg, PE17:184; the Etymologies gives _yár as the Quenya word for "blood")

sercë

noun. blood

A noun for “blood” appearing in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 derived from the root √SEREK of the same meaning (PE17/185). It appeared as an element in the word serkilixa “blood-thirsty” from 1968 (NM/176), indicating a stem form of serci-.

Cognates

  • S. sereg “blood” ✧ PE17/184; SA/sereg

Derivations

  • √SEREK “blood” ✧ PE17/184

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
√SEREK > serke[sereki] > [sereke] > [serke]✧ PE17/184

Variations

  • serke ✧ PE17/184; SA/sereg
Quenya [PE17/184; SA/sereg] Group: Eldamo. Published by

yár

blood

yár (yar-, as in dat.sg. yaren) noun "blood"_ (YAR; the Silmarillion appendix gives _sercë instead. According to VT46:22, Tolkien introduced yór_ as a replacement form in the Etymologies itself.)_

yór

blood

yór noun "blood"; see yár (VT46:22)

mëar

gore

mëar noun "gore" (LT1:260)

mehar

noun. gore

Cognates

Derivations

  • ᴺ✶. MEKH “*gore”
Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

Sindarin 

agar

noun. blood

Sindarin [Agarwaen S/378] Group: SINDICT. Published by

agar

noun. blood

A noun for “blood” appearing as an element in the name Agarwaen (S/210). It’s later etymology is unclear.

Conceptual Development: An earlier iteration of the name was N. {Iarvael >>} N. Iarwath “Blood-stained” from The Etymologies of the 1930s, where the element was N. iâr “blood” from the root ᴹ√YAR of the same meaning (Ety/YAR). Tolkien considered changing the root to ᴹ√YOR and the Noldorin form to iûr (EtyAC/YAR). This seems to be transient idea, since the name Iarwaeth “Bloodstained” appeared in the Grey Annals from the early 1950s (WJ/83) before ultimately being replaced by Agarwaen (WJ/142).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d stick to the better-described sereg for “blood”.

Element in

  • S. Agarwaen “Blood-stained” ✧ S/210

sereg

noun. blood

Sindarin [S/437] Group: SINDICT. Published by

sereg

noun. blood

n. blood. Q. serke. >> seregorn

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:184] < SEREK blood. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

sereg

noun. blood

A noun for “blood” appearing in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 derived from the root √SEREK of the same meaning (PE17/185). It was an element in the name seregon “blood of stone”, the name of a red plant (S/203; UT/148).

Cognates

  • Q. sercë “blood” ✧ PE17/184; SA/sereg

Derivations

  • √SEREK “blood” ✧ PE17/184

Element in

  • S. seregon “stonecrop, plant with red flowers, (lit.) blood of stone” ✧ SA/sereg

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
√SEREK > sereg[sereke] > [serek] > [sereg]✧ PE17/184
Sindarin [PE17/184; SA/sereg] Group: Eldamo. Published by

iûr

blood

iûr (construct iur, pl. iuir if there is a pl.), also iâr (construct iar, pl. iair if there is a pl.) (VT46:22) 3) agar (pl. egair if there is a pl.) Maybe this refers primarily to blood as "gore"; compare: BLOODSTAINED agarwaen (agar + gwaen). Probably no distinct pl. form. ””, see STONECROP

iûr

blood

(construct iur, pl. iuir if there is a pl.), also iâr (construct iar, pl. iair if there is a pl.) (VT46:22) 3) agar (pl. egair if there is a pl.) Maybe this refers primarily to blood as "gore"; compare:

sereg

blood

1) sereg (i hereg, o sereg), pl. serig (i serig) if there is a pl. (Silm App, entry sereg.) 2)

sereg

blood

(i hereg, o sereg), pl. serig (i serig) if there is a pl. *(Silm App, entry sereg.)*

agarwaen

bloodstained

(agar + gwaen). Probably no distinct pl. form. ”

cên

gore

(i gên, o chên, construct cen) (wedge), pl. cîn (i chîn). Alternative sg. form cîn (i gîn, o chîn, construct cin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîn)  (VT45:20)

mechor

noun. gore

Cognates

Derivations

  • ᴺ✶. MEKH “*gore”

naith

gore

1) naith (spearhead, wedge, point, promontory); no distinct pl. form; 2) cên (i gên, o chên, construct cen) (wedge), pl. cîn (i chîn). Alternative sg. form cîn (i gîn, o chîn, construct cin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîn) (VT45:20)

naith

gore

(spearhead, wedge, point, promontory); no distinct pl. form

Primitive elvish

okhor

noun. blood

Derivations

  • √KHOM “heart (physical organ)”
Primitive elvish [PE21/71] Group: Eldamo. Published by

serek

root. blood

A root in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 given as the basis for the “blood” words Q. serke and S. sereg as well as the flower name S. seregon “blood of stone” (PE17/184), a flower name that also appeared (untranslated) in The Silmarillion (S/203). It may replace the root ᴹ√YAR “blood” from The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. yár and N. iâr of the same meaning, the later an element in the surname of Túrin: N. Iarwath “Blood-stain” (Ety/YAR). In later Silmarillion drafts, it became Iarwaeth (WJ/83) and then S. Agarwaen “Blood-stained”, the form it took in the published version of The Silmarillion (S/210). The etymology of S. agar- “blood” is unclear.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I’d stick to √SEREK = “blood”.

Derivatives

  • ᴺQ. serca- “to bleed”
  • Q. sercë “blood” ✧ PE17/184
  • S. sereg “blood” ✧ PE17/184

Variations

  • SEREK- ✧ PE17/145
Primitive elvish [PE17/145; PE17/184] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

iâr

noun. blood

Noldorin [Ety/400] Group: SINDICT. Published by

iâr

noun. blood

Changes

  • iâr → iûr “blood” ✧ EtyAC/YAR

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. yár “blood” ✧ Ety/YAR

Derivations

  • ᴹ√YAR “blood” ✧ Ety/YAR; EtyAC/YAR

Element in

  • N. Iarwath “Blood-stained” ✧ Ety/YAR
  • N. Iaros ✧ Ety/YAR

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√YAR > iâr[jār]✧ Ety/YAR
ᴹ√YOR > iûr[jōr] > [jūr]✧ EtyAC/YAR

Variations

  • iûr ✧ EtyAC/YAR
Noldorin [Ety/YAR; EtyAC/YAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

naith

noun. gore

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. nasta “spear-head, spear-point, gore, triangle” ✧ Ety/SNAS

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶natsai ✧ Ety/SNAS
    • ᴹ√SNAS “*gore, triangle” ✧ Ety/SNAS

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶natsai > naith[snatsai] > [snatsī] > [snatsi] > [n̥atsi] > [n̥aθθi] > [n̥eθθi] > [n̥eiθθ] > [n̥aiθθ] > [naiθθ] > [naiθ]✧ Ety/SNAS
Noldorin [Ety/SNAS] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

yár

noun. blood

A noun for “blood” in The Etymologies of the 1930s from the root ᴹ√YAR of the same meaning (Ety/YAR). Tolkien considered changing the root to ᴹ√YOR and the Quena form to yōr (EtyAC/YAR).

Conceptual Development: The word ᴱQ. hari “blood” from the Early Quenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s might be a precursor. It in turn was probably related to earlier ᴱQ. hara(nda) “flesh-meat” from Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/39).

Neo-Quenya: Since Tolkien changed its cognate from [N.] iâr to [S.] agar, this Quenya word is probably no longer valid, and for purposes of Neo-Quenya I recommend using the later word Q. sercë “blood” instead.

Changes

  • yár → yōr “blood” ✧ EtyAC/YAR

Cognates

  • N. iâr “blood” ✧ Ety/YAR
  • Ilk. ôr “blood” ✧ Ety/YAR

Derivations

  • ᴹ√YAR “blood” ✧ Ety/YAR

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√YAR > yár[jār]✧ Ety/YAR

Variations

  • yōr ✧ EtyAC/YAR
Qenya [Ety/YAR; EtyAC/YAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

yór

noun. blood

Doriathrin

ôr

noun. blood

A noun for “blood” derived from the root ᴹ√YAR (Ety/YAR). Its cognates ᴹQ. yár and N. iâr indicates a primitive form ✱✶yār(ǝ) [jārǝ], where the vowel changed to [o] because of Ilkorin a-affection. Helge Fauskanger suggested instead that the primitive form was ✱✶yara because of the Quenya stem form yar-, with a lengthening of the vowel in the primitive monosyllabic form (AL-Ilkorin/ôr) @@@ examine further.

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. yár “blood” ✧ Ety/YAR

Derivations

  • ᴹ√YAR “blood” ✧ Ety/YAR

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√YAR > ôr[jārǝ] > [jār] > [jōr] > [ōr]✧ Ety/YAR
Doriathrin [Ety/YAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Ossriandric

snæ̂s

noun. gore

A noun for “gore” (triangle) developed from the root ᴹ√SNAS (Ety/SNAS), perhaps from a primitive form ✱✶snais, since [[dan|[ai] became [ǣ] in Ossiriandic]].

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. nasta “spear-head, spear-point, gore, triangle” ✧ Ety/SNAS

Derivations

  • ᴹ√SNAS “*gore, triangle” ✧ Ety/SNAS

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√SNAT > snæ̂s[snais] > [snǣs]✧ Ety/SNAS
Ossriandric [Ety/SNAS] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

yar

root. blood

Changes

  • YAR → YOR “blood” ✧ EtyAC/YAR

Derivatives

  • Ilk. arn “red” ✧ Ety/YAR
  • Ilk. ôr “blood” ✧ Ety/YAR
  • ᴹQ. yár “blood” ✧ Ety/YAR
  • N. iâr “blood” ✧ Ety/YAR; EtyAC/YAR

Element in

  • N. Iarwath “Blood-stained” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Variations

  • YOR ✧ EtyAC/YAR
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/WAƷ; Ety/YAR; EtyAC/YAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

nost

noun. birth; blood, high birth; birthday

A word appearing as G. {nort >>} nost in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with three distinct meanings: “birth”, “blood = high birth” and “birthday”, though the last sense also applied to the word G. {noss >>} nôs (GL/61). It is clearly based on the early root ᴱ√NŌ “become, be born” (QL/66). G. nosteg seems to be an adjectival variant in the phrase dana nosteg “birthday = ✱day of birth” (GL/61)

Neo-Sindarin: The usual Neo-Sindarin word for “birth” is ᴺS. onnad, gerund of the verb onna- “✱to give birth”; I’m not sure who coined this neologism, but it has been in use for some time.

Changes

  • nort → nost ✧ GL/61

Derivations

  • ᴱ√NŌ “become, be born”

Element in

Variations

  • nort ✧ GL/61 (nort)
Gnomish [GL/61; LT2A/Duilin] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mais

noun. gore

An archaic noun for “gore” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s derived from primitive ᴱ✶meχse via the vocalization of the spirant χ before s: eχ > ei > ai (GL/56). It is clearly related to the early root ᴱ√MEHE “ooze‽” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon that was likewise the basis for “gore” words (QL/60).

Cognates

  • Eq. mear “gore, blood”

Derivations

  • ᴱ✶meχse “gore” ✧ GL/56
    • ᴱ√MEHE “ooze‽”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ✶meχse > mais[mexse] > [mexs] > [meis] > [mais]✧ GL/56
Gnomish [GL/56; GL/57] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mechor

noun. gore

A noun appearing as G. mechor “gore” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/56), clearly related to the early root ᴱ√MEHE “ooze‽” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon that was likewise the basis for “gore” words (QL/60).

Neo-Sindarin: I would retain this word as ᴺS. mechor “gore” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, derived from a Neo-Root ᴺ√MEKH of similar meaning, from primitive ✱mekhār or ✱mekhrē.

Cognates

  • Eq. mear “gore, blood” ✧ LT1A/Meássë

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MEHE “ooze‽” ✧ LT1A/Meássë
Gnomish [GL/57; LT1A/Meássë] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

meχse

noun. gore

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MEHE “ooze‽”

Derivatives

  • G. mais “gore” ✧ GL/56
Early Primitive Elvish [GL/56] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

hari

noun. blood

Derivations

Early Quenya [PE14/071] Group: Eldamo. Published by

vísi

noun. blood

A noun appearing as vísi- “blood” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√VIKI or ᴱ√VIT͡YI (QL/60). Its form might be explained by the Early Qenya sound changes ti &gt; tsi &gt; si (PE12/23).

Derivations

  • ᴱ√VIKI “*sticky” ✧ QL/101

Element in

  • Eq. vitevíse “*resin, gum, (lit.) sap-blood” ✧ QL/101

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√VIT͡YI > vīsi-[βītʲī] > [βītʲi] > [vītʲi] > [vīti] > [vītsi] > [vīsi]✧ QL/101

Variations

  • vīsi- ✧ QL/101
Early Quenya [QL/101] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mear

noun. gore, blood

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. mear “gore” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√MEHE “ooze‽”, with stem forms mearn- or meas- (QL/60). The H in the root represents voiceless velar spirant χ, which was voiced to ɣ and then vanished between vowels in Early Qenya (PE12/18).

Neo-Quenya: I would adapt this word as ᴺQ. mehar “gore” for purposes of Neo-Quenya since the voicing of medial χ did not occur in later Quenya. I would assume it is derived from a Neo-Root ᴺ√MEKH of similar meaning, perhaps from primitive ✱mekhar or ✱mekhār.

Cognates

  • G. mais “gore”
  • G. mechor “gore” ✧ LT1A/Meássë

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MEHE “ooze‽” ✧ LT1A/Meássë; QL/060

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√MEHE > mear[mexarn] > [mexar] > [meɣar] > [mear]✧ QL/060
Early Quenya [LT1A/Meássë; PME/060; QL/060] Group: Eldamo. Published by