ur(u)-

prefix. hard, difficult

Cognates

• S. gor- “hard, difficult” ✧ PE17/154
• S. gor “horror, dread, fear” ✧ PE17/172

Derivations

• √GUR “hard, stiff, difficult, cumbrous, slow” ✧ PE17/154

Element in

• Q. urnótima “*difficult to count” ✧ PE17/172; PE17/172
• Q. urucárima “hard to make / do” ✧ PE17/154; PE17/154
• Q. urucarin “made with difficulty” ✧ PE17/154
• ᴺQ. uruhanyaima “complicated, enigmatic, cryptic, hard to understand”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√GUR > ur(u)	[gur-] > [ɣur-] > [ur-]	✧ PE17/154

Variations

• ur(u) ✧ PE17/154
• ur- ✧ PE17/172 (ur-)

qual-

verb. to die

A verb for “to die” in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 (PE22/152), clearly based on the root √KWAL having to do with pain and death (PE18/91, 103; Ety/KWAL). As such, I would use this verb for undesirable or painful death, as opposed to fir- “to die (a natural or peaceful death)”.

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. qal- meant “die” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/134), and the root √KWAL had a long history of connection to death and pain in Tolkien’s writings.

Derivations

• √KWAL “die, pain, die, pain, [ᴹ√] die in pain”

Variations

• kwal- ✧ PE22/152

illi

all

illi noun "all" (as independent noun, apparently treated as a plural form). Imb' illi "among all" (VT47:30)

illi

noun. all

Element in

• Q. A ancalima imb’ illi “A is brightest of all” ✧ PE17/091

ilya

all

ilya adj. and noun "all" (LR:47, 56; SD:310), "all, the whole" (IL); "each, every, all of a particular group of things" (VT39:20); ilyë before a plural noun, "all" being inflected like an adjective (Nam, RGEO:67): ilyë tier "all paths" (Namárië, VT39:20), ilyë mahalmar "all thrones" (CO), ilya raxellor "from all dangers" (VT44:9; we might expect *ilyë raxellor here), ilyárëa (older ilyázëa) "daily, of every day" (evidently ilya "every" + árë, ázë "day" + -a adjectival ending) (VT43:18). Tolkien apparently abandoned ilyárëa in favour of ilaurëa, q.v.

ilyë

adjective. all

gor-

prefix. owing to approach of GUR to other stems Sindarin tended to use gor- in a very strong sense of things very painful and horrible to do

_ pref. _owing to approach of GUR to other stems (as ÑGUR 'death', ÑGOR 'terror, dread') Sindarin tended to use gor- in a very strong sense of things very painful and horrible to do. It used dír- 'tough' for lesser efforts. Q. uru-. >> dirbedui, gorbedui, gornod

gor-

prefix. hard, difficult

Cognates

• Q. ur(u)- “hard, difficult” ✧ PE17/154

Derivations

• √GUR “hard, stiff, difficult, cumbrous, slow” ✧ PE17/154

Element in

• S. gorbedui “only to be said with horror or grief, lamentable to tell” ✧ PE17/154
• ᴺS. gorchanui “complicated, enigmatic, cryptic, hard to understand”
• S. gornodui “hard to count” ✧ PE17/154

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√GUR > gor-	[gur-] > [gor-]	✧ PE17/154

Variations

• gor- ✧ PE17/154; PE17/154

gor-

verb. to warn, urge

Cognates

• Q. ora- “to warn, urge, feel an urge/wish/desire” ✧ VT41/13

Derivations

• √GOR “deep, profound; warn, counsel; urge, impel, move, deep, profound; warn, counsel; urge, impel, move; [ᴹ√] impetus, haste, violence” ✧ VT41/11

Element in

• ᴺS. goras “advice”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√GOR > gor-	[ɣor-] > [or-] > [gor-]	✧ VT41/11

Variations

• gor- ✧ VT41/13

dîr

adjective. hard, difficult

Derivations

• ✶dērā “hard, difficult” ✧ PE17/154
  • √DER “hard, difficult” ✧ PE17/154

Element in

• S. dirbedui “hard to utter, difficult to pronounce” ✧ PE17/154

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶dērā > dîr	[dērā] > [dēra] > [dīra] > [dīr]	✧ PE17/154

Variations

• dîr ✧ PE17/154

pân

adjective. all, in totality

As no other word beginning in ph- is attested, it is assumed that a nasal mutation is triggered by the pronoun în.1 , hence the form observed in the "King's Letter"

pân

adjective. all, all, *complete, entire, full, the whole

@@@ extended meaning suggested on Discord 2022-03-11

Cognates

• ᴺQ. qua(na) “all, complete, entire, full, the whole”

Derivations

• √KWA “complete, full, whole, all, every, complete, full, whole, all, every; [ᴹ√] something”

Element in

• S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129

pân

all

(adj.) *pân, pl. pain (only attested in mutated pl. form phain, SD:128-31). Not to be confused with the noun pân ”plank”.

pân

all

pl. pain (only attested in mutated pl. form phain, SD:128-31). Not to be confused with the noun pân ”plank”.

hor-

verb. to warn, urge

Cognates

• Q. ora- “to warn, urge, feel an urge/wish/desire” ✧ VT41/13; VT41/15

Derivations

• √GOR “deep, profound; warn, counsel; urge, impel, move, deep, profound; warn, counsel; urge, impel, move; [ᴹ√] impetus, haste, violence” ✧ VT41/11; VT41/15

Variations

• or- ✧ VT41/13
• hŏra ✧ VT41/15

katha

adjective. all

A word translated “all” in the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/288, VT24/12). This word appeared in the form kâtha in the final typescript version of the Lament (SD/247), but in all other instances appeared as katha. If the final typescript is later than the final manuscript, kâtha may be its final form, but I believe that the manuscript was later, and katha better matches its appearance as an element in kathuphazgân “conqueror” (SD/429). This last example is interesting in that it is an example of an adjective declined into the objective case.

Element in

• Ad. îdô katha batîna lôkhî “now all ways (are) bent” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. īdō kathī batānī rōkhī-nam “lo! now all ways bent-are” ✧ SD/312
• Ad. kathuphazgân “conqueror” ✧ SD/429

der

root. hard, difficult

A root in linguistic notes from 1959 used for the sense “hard, difficult” in Sindarin because other roots like √GUR > S. gor- gained a very negative sense due to collision with the roots √ÑGOR “horror” and √ÑGUR “death” (PE17/154). Tolkien first gave this root as √DIR before switching it to √DER. There is no indication of its use in Quenya, so it is probably a Sindarin-only innovation.

Changes

• DIR → DER ✧ PE17/154

Derivatives

• ✶dērā “hard, difficult” ✧ PE17/154
  • S. dîr “hard, difficult” ✧ PE17/154
• ✶dirnā “tough” ✧ PE17/154
  • S. dern “tough, thrawn” ✧ PE17/154

Variations

• DIR ✧ PE17/154 (DIR)

dērā

adjective. hard, difficult

Changes

• dīrā → dērā ✧ PE17/154

Derivations

• √DER “hard, difficult” ✧ PE17/154

Derivatives

• S. dîr “hard, difficult” ✧ PE17/154

Variations

• dīrā ✧ PE17/154 (dīrā)

srak

root. hard, difficult

il

root. all

A root meaning “all” in Tolkien’s writings from the 1930s through 1960s (VT48/25) with derivatives in both Quenya and Sindarin, the most notable being Q. Ilúvatar “All-father” (MR/39). Its earliest precursor is the root ᴱ√ILU “ether, the slender airs among the stars” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, whose derivatives include various sky-words as well as ᴱQ. Ilúvatar, since in this early period the name meant “Heavenly Father” (QL/42). The meaning of the root shifted to ᴹ√IL “all” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/IL), and it retained this sense thereafter.

Derivatives

• ✶ilū “all, everything, the whole”
  • Q. ilu “everything, all, the whole, everything, all, the whole; [ᴹQ.] universe, world; [ᴱQ.] ether” ✧ VT39/20
  • ᴺS. ilu “universe, the whole, cosmos”
• Q. il- “every, *all”
• Q. ilya “every, each, all (of a particular group of things), every, each, all (of a particular group of things), [ᴹQ.] the whole”
• S. il “*all”

Element in

• Q. Ilion
• Q. Ilwen
• ᴺS. illad “everything”