se (2), also long sé, preposition "at, in" (VT43:30; compare the "locative prefix" se- possibly occurring in an early "Qenya" text, VT27:25)
Quenya
se
he, she, it
se
at, in
se
preposition. at, in
Derivations
- ✶sē “at; locative, adessive, inessive” ✧ VT43/30
Element in
- Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/30
- Q. -ssë “locative ending”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶sē > se [se] ✧ VT43/30 Variations
- se ✧ VT43/30
se
pronoun. he, she, it (animate)
Derivations
- ✶se “he, she, it, 3rd person singular pronoun” ✧ VT49/50
Element in
- Q. antanen hatal sena “I cast a spear at him” ✧ VT49/14
- Q. antanen parma sen “I gave a book to him” ✧ PE17/091
- Q. insë “himself, herself”
- Q. melin sé apa lanyë hé “I love him but not him (the other)” ✧ VT49/15
- Q. se — hye — hye — “he [A] struck him [B] and he [B] fled” ✧ VT49/15
- Q. veryanen senna “*I married/joined to him/her” ✧ VT49/45
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶se/te > sé [sē] ✧ VT49/50 Variations
- se ✧ NM/176; PE17/129; VT49/15; VT49/32; VT49/37
- sé ✧ VT49/15; VT49/51
-së
suffix. he, she, it
-ssë
at
-ssë (1) locative ending (compare the preposition se, sé "at", q.v.); in Lóriendessë, lúmessë, máriessë, yalúmessë (q.v. for reference); pl. -ssen in yassen, lúmissen, mahalmassen, símaryassen, tarmenissen, q.v. Pronouns take the simple ending -ssë, even if the pronoun is plural by its meaning (messë "on us", VT44:12). The part. pl. (-lissë or -lissen) and dual (-tsë) locative endings are known from the Plotz letter only.
essë
he
essë (2) pron? "he" (and also "she, it"?), possible emphatic 3rd sg. emphatic pronoun, attested in the sentence essë úpa nas "he is dumb" (PE17:126)
sena
to him [/her/it]
sena dative/allative pronoun "to him [/her/it]", "at him [/her/it]"; see se. (VT49:14)
senna
senna
senna (1), see se #1
senwa
usual
senwa, also senya, adj. "usual" (VT49:22, 35). Notice that *senya* may conceivably also function as a genitive pronoun "his, her", derived from sen as the dative form of se #1 (compare ninya, menya**).
senya
adjective. usual, usual, *common, typical
@@@ the sense “common” suggested by Tamas Ferencz
Changes
- senwa → senya “usual” ✧ VT49/22
Cognates
- ᴺS. sein “usual”
Element in
- ᴺQ. senyavë “usually”
- Q. úsië, an cé mo quernë cendelë númenna, ve senya “on the contrary, for if one turned the face westward, as was usual” ✧ VT49/22; VT49/22
Variations
- senya ✧ VT49/22
- senwa ✧ VT49/22
sívë
as
sívë (1) prep. "as", apparently ve of similar meaning with the prefix sí- "this, here, now"; sívë therefore makes a comparison with something close, whereas tambë (q.v.) refers to something remote. Sívë...tambë "as...so" (VT43:17). Elided sív' in VT43:12, since the next word begins in the vowel e-.
-ro
he
-ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro, q.v. In Tolkiens later Quenya, the ending -s covers both "he", "she" and "it".
-s
suffix. he, she, it
-s(së)
suffix. he, she, it; him, her, it
Derivations
- ✶se “he, she, it, 3rd person singular pronoun” ✧ VT49/50
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶se/te > -s [-se] > [-s] ✧ VT49/50 Variations
- -s ✧ PE17/075; PE17/075; PE17/110; PE17/190; VT49/16; VT49/48; VT49/51
- -re ✧ PE17/075
- se ✧ PE22/161
- -sse ✧ VT49/28
- -se ✧ VT49/51
ier
as
ier prep. "as" (VT43:16, probably rejected in favour of sívë, q.v.). In an abandoned version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used ier...ter for "as...so" (VT43:17).
sa
it
sa pron. "it", 3rd person sg, corresponding to the ending -s (VT49:30). Used of inanimate things or abstracts (VT49:37; plants are considered animate; see se). For sa as object, cf. the sentence ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34). Stressed sá (VT49:51). Ósa "with it" (VT43:36). Also compare the reflexive pronoun insa "itself", q.v. In one text, sa is also defined as "that" (VT49:18); apparently Tolkien also at one point considered giving sa a plural significance, so that it meant *"they, them" of inanimate things, the counterpart of "personal" té (VT49:51).
sa
pronoun. it
si
this
Derivations
- √SI “this, this, [ᴹ√] here, now”
Element in
- ᴺQ. silúmëa “current, contemporary, modern”
- Q. siar(ë) “*today, this day”
- Q. sítë “of this sort”
- Q. umbë nin i hríve nauva urra (si loa) “I have a feeling that winter will be bad (this year)” ✧ PE22/168
Variations
- si ✧ PE22/168
ve
as, like
ve (1) prep. "as, like" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya, MC:213, 214, VT27:20, 27, VT49:22); in Narqelion ve may mean either "in" or "as". Ve fírimor quetir *"as mortals say" (VT49:10), ve senwa (or senya) "as usual" (VT49:10). Followed by genitive, ve apparently expresses "after the manner of": ve quenderinwë coaron ("k") "after the manner of bodies of Elven-kind" (PE17:174). Tolkien variously derived Quenya ve from older wē, bē or vai(VT49:10, 32, PE17:189)
ya
as
ya (2) or yan, prep. "as" (VT43:16, probably abandoned in favour of sívë)
ye
as
[ye (3), also yé, prep. "as" (VT43:16, struck out; in the text in question Tolkien finally settled on sívë, q.v.)]
-vë
as, like
-vë, (3) apparently an ending used to derive adverbs from adjectives (see andavë under anda and oiavë under oia). May be related to the preposition ve "as, like".
hen
eye
hen (hend-, as in pl. hendi) noun "eye" (KHEN-D-E); possibly dual #hendu in hendumaica, q.v. Noun henfanwa "eye-screen, veil upon eyes" (PE17:176), adj. henulca "evileyed" (SD:68; cf. ulca).
hen
noun. eye
The Quenya word for “eye”, derived from the root √KHEN for eye-words (PE17/187; Ety/KHEN-D-E) and with stem-form hend- given its dual hendu (WJ/337).
Conceptual Development: This word first appeared as ᴱQ. hen in The Qenya Phonology of the 1910s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶þχe-ndǝ and appearing beside ᴱQ. sé “eye, pupil” < ᴱ✶þeχē (PE12/21). Hen (hend-) “eye” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon though it was marked “†” for archaic (QL/40), and ᴱQ. hend- also appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon as the cognate of G. hen “eye” (GL/48). ᴱQ. hen appeared regularly in documents from the 1920s (PE13/147; PE14/43, 76; PE16/136), although in the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s ᴱQ. sinda was given as the cognate of ᴱN. hen(n) “eye” (PE13/122). The form ᴱQ. sinda seems to have been a transient idea.
A lengthy declension of ᴹQ. hen “eye” appeared in documents from the early 1930s (PE21/52) and in The Etymologies of the 1930s it was based on a new the root ᴹ√KHEN-D-E “eye” (Ety/KHEN-D-E). In both these documents, inflected forms indicate a stem form of hend-. Thus this word and its stem were quite stable in Tolkien’s mind, though he did alter its root from early ᴱ√SEHE [ÞEHE] to later √KHEN.
Cognates
- S. hen(d) “eye”
Derivations
- √KHEN “base of eye-words, base of eye-words; [ᴹ√] look at, see, observe, direct gaze”
Element in
- Q. alahen “eyeless”
- ᴺQ. hencalcat “eye-glasses, spectacles”
- ᴺQ. hendelë “window”
- ᴺQ. hendelúpea cecet “peafowl, (lit.) eye-plumed pheasant”
- Q. hendumaica “sharp-eye[d]” ✧ WJ/337
- Q. henfanwa “eye-screen, veil upon eyes”
- Q. henta- “to eye, examine, read, scan”
- ᴺQ. hentópa “eyelid”
hye
other person
hye noun "other person", also used as a pronoun of "a 3rd person entering account [who is] not subject of the original verb" (VT49:15). This hye may then also be used as subject to in a following sentence, as in Tolkiens example "he [se] struck him [hye] and he [hye] fled" (VT49:15).
hé
him (the other, etc.)
hé "him (the other, etc.)" in the sentence melin sé apa la hé "I love him but not him" (another) (VT49:15). It may be that hé covers both genders ("her" as well as "him"), like sé (se) is known to do.
sina
this
sina demonstrative "this" (following its noun in our sole example: vanda sina "this oath"). (CO, VT49:18; in the latter source, sina _is called an adjective). _This word would, like Sindarin hen, be derived from primitive ¤sĭnā (VT49:34). Cf. sin #1.
sina
adjective. this
Derivations
- ✶sĭnā “this” ✧ VT49/18
Element in
- Q.
sinar“today, today, [ᴹQ.] this morning”- Q. vanda sina termaruva Elenna·nóreo alcar enyalien “This oath shall stand in memory of the glory of the Land of the Star” ✧ UT/305
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶sĭnā > sina [sinā] > [sina] ✧ VT49/18
caris
he/him, she/her, it
-s (1) 3rd person sg. pronominal ending "he/him, she/her, it" (VT49:48, 51), occurring in caris "he/she/it does" (VT49:16, PE17:129), caitas "it lies" (PE17:65), tentanes "it pointed" (VT49:26), tulis "(s)he comes" (VT49:19), eques (q.v.), anes (see ná #1), also (in object position) in camnelyes, caritas, caritalya(s), melinyes, tiruvantes, and utúvienyes, q.v. (Tolkien mentions -s as an "objective" ending for the 3rd person sg. in PE17:110.) The longer form -së (perhaps with personal meaning "he, she" only) is said to be "rare" (VT49:51); cf. násë "he is", nésë "he was" (see ná #1). In nésë the ending is suggested to be shortened from -sse (VT49:28), an ending that may also be attested in the untranslated verbal form tankassen (PE17:76), where it is perhaps followed by a second pronominal ending -n "me". According to PE17:129, the 3rd person sg. ending at one stage appeared as -ze "when pronominal affixes followed" (Tolkien citing the form carize-, e.g. apparently *carizet for "he makes them"); normally z would later become r, but it actually became (historically: reverted to) s by analogy with the short form caris as well as the independent pronoun se*. Exilic Quenya would then evidently have (e.g.) cariset for "he makes them", with a rare example of intervocalic s that is not derived from older þ**.
se (1) pron. "he, she, it" also object "him, her, it", 3rd person sg. Used "of living things including plants" (VT49:37; the corresponding inaimate pronoun is sa). The pronoun comes directly from se as the original stem-form (VT49:50). Stressed form sé, VT49:51, attested in object position in melin sé "I love him" (VT49:21). Ósë "with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-. Long dative/allative sena "[to/for] him" or "at him", VT49:14, allative senna "to him/her" (VT49:45, 46). Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself".