Quenya 

ur

ur

ur(u)- prefix denoting difficulty (PE17:154, 172), cf. urcárima, urucarin

urco

orc

urco ("k"), stem *urcu- and pl. urqui, noun: an old word used in the lore of the Blessed Realm for anything that caused fear to the Elves during the March; by the Exiled Noldor the word was recognized as the cognate of Sindarin orch and used to mean "Orc". The Sindarin-influenced form orco was also used. (WJ:390)

urcárima

hard to make / do

urcárima, urcarnë adj. "hard to make / do". (PE17:154). Cf. urucarin.

urco

noun. bogey, orc

Quenya [WJ/390; WJI/Urko] Group: Eldamo. Published by

urcarne

adjective. hard to make / do

ecellë

noun. urchin, hedgehog

A word for “urchin, hedgehog” appearing in its plural form ekelli in 1965 notes on the land and beasts of Númenor, though not necessarily describing the terrestrial creature (NM/336). This word is probably based on the root √EK “sharp point”.

orco

noun. Orc

This word was adapted from its Sindarin cognate orch, since the Noldor did not encounter orcs until they returned to Middle-earth (WJ/390). There are two attested plurals for this word, orqui and orcor. One possible scenario is that the word was at first treated as a u-stem noun by analogy with urco (urcu-), but later as the two words were disassociated, the declension of orco was regularized and treated as an ordinary vocalic noun.

This is the theory followed here, so that orcor is considered the regular plural and orqui archaic, probably active only in the First Age. If you use the orqui plural, you should also treat this as a u-stem noun (orcu-). @@@

Quenya [MR/074; MR/194; MRI/Orcs; PE17/047; WJ/012; WJ/390; WJI/Orc(s)] Group: Eldamo. Published by

orco

orc

orco ("k") noun "Orc", pl. orcor or orqui (WJ:390, ÓROK; pl. Orcor also in WJ:12, MR:74, 194). If the pl. form orqui is preferred, the word should be assigned the stem-form orcu-. Early "Qenya" has orc ("k") (orqu-) ("q") "monster, demon" (LT1:264; in LotR-style Quenya, no word can end in -rc.)

car-

make, do, build, form

car- (1) vb. "make, do, build, form" (1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit). Regarding the form carize- (PE17:128), see -s #1. Pa.t. carnë (KAR, PE17:74, 144). The infinitival aorist stem carë ("k") (by Patrick Wynne called a "general aorist infinitive" in VT49:34) occurs in ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34), also in áva carë "don't do it" (WJ:371) and uin carë (PE17:68); in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the "simplest aorist infinitive", the same source referring to carië as the "general infinitive" of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar ("k") "those who form words" (WJ:391, cf. VT49:16), continuative cára, future caruva (PE17:144), carita ("k"), infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" (VT42:33), with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle #carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina ("k"), read perhaps *cárina. (Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15.) PE17:68 refers to a "simple past passive participle" of the form carinwa ("kari-nwa"). "Rare" past participle active (?) cárienwa* ("k") "having done" (PE17:68), unless this is also a kind of passive participle (the wording of the source is unclear). Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë ("káre") "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë (LR:362) even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë "war-made", made war (see #ohtacar-). Also cárië with various suffixes: cárier ("kárier") is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence "they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto* ("k") must also be "they made" (cf. -lto). Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë "hard to make / do", urucarin "made with difficulty" (PE17:154), saucarya "evil-doing" (PE17:68).

urucárima

adjective. hard to make / do

urucarin

adjective. made with difficulty

harma

wolf

[harma (2) noun "wolf" (3ARAM). The gloss "hound" was inserted, but then deleted (VT45:17)]

narmo

wolf

narmo ("ñ")noun "wolf" (ÑGAR(A)M; both the old form ñarmo = *ngarmo and the Third Age form narmo are given). Another word for "wolf" is ráca.

nauro

noun. wolf

wolf, werewolf of Morgoth

Quenya [PE 19:106] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

ráca

wolf

ráca ("k") noun "wolf" (DARÁK). Another word for "wolf" is narmo.

urucarin

made with difficulty

urucarin adj. "made with difficulty" (PE17:154)

Nandorin 

urch

noun. Orc

Nandorin [PE17/054] Group: Eldamo. Published by

urc

noun. Orc

pl. yrc. In the Etymologies, the primitive form of this word is given as órku (defined as "goblin"), derived from an undefined stem ÓROK (LR:379).

This stem may be understood as a vowel-prefixed variant of the stem ROK "horse", assuming that this originally referred to the steed of the monstrous "dark Rider upon his wild horse" that haunted the Elves by Cuiviénen, assuming that the stem ROK was originally associated with Melkor's creatures. However, Tolkien later derived the Elvish words for "Orc" from a stem RUKU having to do with fear (WJ:389) and listed tentative primitive forms: urku, uruku, urkô. Since primitive final -u is lost in Nandorin (cf. Utum from Utubnu), the forms urku and uruku would evidently be capable of yielding Green-elven urc (while urkô would rather come out as *urca; cf. golda "Noldo" from ñgolodô). The plural form yrc clearly shows umlaut caused by the lost Primitive Quendian plural ending ; cf. the umlaut caused by the primitive adjectival ending -i, primitive lugni "blue" yielding lygn.

Nandorin [H. Fauskanger (LR:379)] < ÓROK?. Published by

ūriʃ

noun. orcs

Nandorin [PE17/54] Published by

Primitive elvish

urku/urkō

noun. orc

Primitive elvish [WJ/390] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ñgūr

noun. wolf

Primitive elvish [PE21/82] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Sindarin 

orch

noun. Orc, Orc, [N.] goblin

Sindarin [Let/178; LotR/0345; LotR/1131; LotRI/Orcs; MR/195; MRI/Orcs; PE17/047; PE17/052; PE17/054; PE17/127; RC/762; RGEO/66; WJ/390; WJI/Orc(s)] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glamog

noun. orc

Sindarin [WJ/391; WJI/Glamhoth] Group: Eldamo. Published by

orch

Orc

pl1. yrch, pl2. orchoth** ** n. Orc. Nand. ūriſ.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:47:52:54:127] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

orch

orc

orch (pl. yrch**, archaic †yrchy, coll. pl. orchoth). (RGEO:66, Names:171, Letters:178, MR:195; WJ:390-91, VT46:7). Other terms: 1) urug (monster, bogey), pl. yryg, 2) glamog (i **lamog), pl. glemyg (in glemyg) (WJ:391), 3) ”

orch

orc

(pl. yrch, archaic †yrchy, coll. pl. orchoth). (RGEO:66, Names:171, Letters:178, MR:195; WJ:390-91, VT46:7). Other terms:  1) urug (monster, bogey), pl. yryg, 2) glamog (i ’lamog), pl. glemyg (in glemyg) (WJ:391), 3) ”

nogen

noun. boy, lad, urchin; *(orig.) short (of persons)

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

urug

noun. bogey

draug

noun. wolf

Sindarin [Ety/354, S/430] Group: SINDICT. Published by

draug

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf”, most notably appearing as an element in the name of the great werewolf S. Draugluin. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. draug “wolf” was derived from the root ᴹ√DARAK (Ety/DARÁK).

Sindarin [SA/draug] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gaurwaith

noun. wolf-men

Sindarin [UT/85, UT/90] gaur+gwaith. Group: SINDICT. Published by

glamhoth

noun. barbaric host of Orcs

Sindarin [Ety/358, Ety/364, Ety/377, UT/39, UT/54, WJ/390] glam+hoth "the dinhorde, the yelling horde". Group: SINDICT. Published by

glamog

noun. an Orc, "a yelling one"

Sindarin [WJ/390] Group: SINDICT. Published by

orch

noun. Goblin, Orc

Sindarin [Ety/379, LR/406, WJ/390, LotR/II:VI, LotR/F, Let] Group: SINDICT. Published by

orchoth

noun. the Orcs (as a race)

Sindarin [WJ/390] orch+hoth. Group: SINDICT. Published by

urug

noun. Orc (rarely used)

Sindarin [WJ/390] Group: SINDICT. Published by

urug

noun. "bogey", anything that caused fear to the Elves, any dubious shape or shadow, or prowling creature

Sindarin [WJ/390] Group: SINDICT. Published by

car

make

1) car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (do, build) (WJ:415), 2) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

draug

wolf

1) draug (i dhraug), pl. droeg (in droeg), coll. pl. drogath; 2) garaf (i ngaraf = i ñaraf, o n**garaf = o ñgaraf), pl. geraif (in geraif = i ñgeraif), coll. pl. garavath**, 3)

draug

wolf

(i dhraug), pl. droeg (in droeg), coll. pl. drogath

garaf

wolf

(i ngaraf = i ñaraf, o n’garaf = o ñgaraf), pl. geraif (in geraif = i ñgeraif), coll. pl. garavath

gaur

wolf

(i ngaur = i ñaur), pl. goer (in goer = i ñgoer), coll. pl. gaurhoth (attested in lenited form: i ngaurhoth = i ñaurhoth).

glam

body of orcs

(i ’lam) (din, uproar, tumult, confused yelling of beasts; shouting, confused noise), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath

glamhoth

host of tumult

(a term for Orcs, also translated ”Yelling-horde”). (UT:54, MR:109, 195;

urug

bogey

urug (monster, orc), pl. yryg

urug

bogey

(monster, orc), pl. yryg

Black Speech

uruk

noun. Orc

Black Speech [Let/178; LotR/0324; LotR/1131; LotRI/Uruks; PE17/047; PE17/052; SD/033; WJ/390; WJI/Uruk] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Khuzdûl

rukhs

noun. Orc

Khuzdûl [WJ/391; WJI/Rúkhs] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

draug

noun. wolf

Noldorin [Ety/DARÁK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

garaf

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGARAM (Ety/ÑGAR(A)M).

Conceptual Development: This word seems to have replaced N. araf or aram derived from the rejected root ᴹ√ƷARAM with various glosses like “wolf” or (small or swift) “dog” (Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM). This in turn may be a later iteration of G. harog or harw “wolf” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with feminine variant G. harach “a she-wolf” (GL/48).

Noldorin [Ety/ÑGAR(A)M] Group: Eldamo. Published by

orch

noun. goblin

Noldorin [Ety/ÓROK; EtyAC/ÓROK; LR/406; PE22/041; TI/229; TII/Orcs] Group: Eldamo. Published by

draug

noun. wolf

Noldorin [Ety/354, S/430] Group: SINDICT. Published by

garaf

noun. wolf

Noldorin [Ety/377] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gaul

noun. wolf-howl

Noldorin [Ety/377] Group: SINDICT. Published by

glamhoth

noun. barbaric host of Orcs

Noldorin [Ety/358, Ety/364, Ety/377, UT/39, UT/54, WJ/390] glam+hoth "the dinhorde, the yelling horde". Group: SINDICT. Published by

orch

noun. Goblin, Orc

Noldorin [Ety/379, LR/406, WJ/390, LotR/II:VI, LotR/F, Let] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Ossriandric

urc

noun. goblin

A noun for “goblin” developed from primitive ᴹ✶orku, also attested in its plural form yrc (Ety/ÓROK). The change of [o] to [u] is hard to explain, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Nandorin/urc). In an earlier version of the entry Tolkien wrote Dan. orc (EtyAC/ÓROK), which is the expected form. The simplest explanation is that this form actually developed from a variant primitive form ✱✶urku. There is a similar issue with Ilk. urch, so perhaps this variant was used by those Eldar who did not complete the journey to Valinor.

Ossriandric [Ety/ÓROK; EtyAC/ÓROK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

garma

noun. wolf

A (rejected) noun for “wolf” developed from the (rejected) root ᴹ√ƷARAM (Ety/ÑGARAM), most likely from primitive ✱✶ʒaramā [ɣaramā] given its cognates. It is an example of the Danian syncope, with second unstressed [a] vanishing after the identical vowel. It is also one of the Danian words for which a long final vowel developed into short final [a]. Finally, it provides an example of how [[dan|[ɣ] became [g]]] in Danian.

Ossriandric [Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

urc

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/75), likely related to ᴱQ. ulku “wolf” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon derived from the early root ᴱ√ULUKU (QL/97). In the Qenya Lexicon Tolkien gave the Gnomish form as ulug, but in the Gnomish Lexicon the gloss of G. ulug was changed {“wolf” >>} “dragon” (GL/74).

Gnomish [GL/74; GL/75; LT2A/Foalókë; QL/097] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nogin

noun. boy, lad, urchin

A noun appearing as G. nogin “boy, lad, urchin” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/61); its derivation is unclear since no nearby words seem to be related, but it could be a variation on G. naug “a dwarf” (GL/59).

Neo-Sindarin: I think this word may be salvageable as Neo-Sindarin ᴺS. nogen, reinterpretted as a derivative of the root √NUK “stunted”, originally an adjective ✱nukina used to refer to short persons or children in a less-than-flattering way. Given its glosses, I would use this word mainly for a mischievous or irritating male child; for a more ordinary word for “boy”, I’d instead use S. ion(n).

gontha

noun. boy

Gnomish [GL/41; GL/54] Group: Eldamo. Published by

harog

noun. wolf

Gnomish [GL/48; GL/75] Group: Eldamo. Published by

harw

noun. wolf

orc

noun. goblin

Gnomish [GL/63; LT1A/Orc; LT2A/Balcmeg; PE13/099; PE13/102; PE15/21; PE15/25] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ulug

noun. wolf

Doriathrin

urch

noun. goblin

A Doriathrin noun for “goblin” developed from primitive ᴹ✶orku, also attested in its plural form urchin (Ety/ÓROK). The change of [[ilk|[k] to [x] (“ch”) after the liquid [l]]] was a normal Ilkorin development, but the change of [o] to [u] is harder to explain, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/urch). In an earlier version of the entry Tolkien wrote Dor. orch (EtyAC/ÓROK), which is the expected form. The simplest explanation is that this form actually developed from a variant primitive form ✱✶urku. There is a similar issue with Dan. urc, so perhaps this variant was used by those Eldar who did not complete the journey to Valinor.

Doriathrin [Ety/ÓROK; EtyAC/ÓROK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

drôg

noun. wolf

A Doriathrin noun meaning “wolf” derived from the primitive form ᴹ✶d’rāk (Ety/DARÁK), probably from older ✱✶darākă. The accent mark in the root ᴹ√DARÁK indicated that the first syllable was unstressed, so that the [[ilk|initial [dar-] became [dr-]]]. Thereafter the [[ilk|long [ā], became [ō]]] and the [[ilk|voiceless stop [k] voiced to [g] after the vowel]].

Doriathrin [Ety/DARÁK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

garm

noun. wolf

A Doriathrin noun for “wolf” derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGAR(A)M (Ety/ÑGARAM), probably from a primitive form ✱✶ŋgaramō given its Quenya and Noldorin cognates ᴹQ. narmo and N. garaf (as suggested by Helge Fauskanger, AL-Doriathrin/garm). If so, the second a was lost due to the Ilkorin Syncope, and the [[ilk|the initial [ŋg-] simplified to [g-]]]. The initial syllable of the primitive form was probably stressed, since the [[ilk|initial [ŋgar-] did not simplify to [ŋgr-]]].

Conceptual Development: An earlier version of this entry had the root ᴹ√ƷARAM, but this produced the same form Dor. garm in Doriathrin [Ilkorin] since [[ilk|initial [ɣ] became [g]]].

Doriathrin [Ety/ƷARAM; Ety/ÑGAR(A)M; EtyAC/ƷARAM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Westron

orka

noun. orc

Rohirric

orc

noun. Orc

Rohirric [LotR/1131] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

uluku

root. wolf

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “wolf”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. ulku and G. ulug of the same meaning (QL/97). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien first gave G. ulug “wolf”, but this word’s gloss was revised to “dragon” as a cognate to ᴱQ. lōke (GL/74), and Tolkien added a new word G. urc “wolf” as an equivalent to harw. None of the later Elvish “wolf” words resemble either √ULUK- or √URUK-.

Early Primitive Elvish [QL/097] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

ulku

noun. wolf

Early Quenya [QL/097] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

orko

noun. goblin

Qenya [Ety/ÓROK; LR/406] Group: Eldamo. Published by

narmo

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGARAM (Ety/ÑGAR(A)M), apparently a variant of ᴹ√ÑGAW “howl”. It seems narmo is a word for an ordinary wolf, as opposed to nauro “werewolf”.

Conceptual Development: A similar (but rejected) form ᴹQ. harma “wolf” appeared under the deleted root ᴹ√ƷARAM (Ety/ƷARAM).

Qenya [Ety/ÑGAR(A)M] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ráka

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶d’rāk under the root ᴹ√DARAK (Ety/DARÁK), where the ancient initial dr became r as usual for Quenya (PE19/37).

Conceptual Development: Earlier words for “wolf” of similar form include ᴱQ. ulku and feminine ᴱQ. ulqi “she-wolf” appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ULUKU (QL/97).

Middle Primitive Elvish

orku

noun. goblin

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/ÓROK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

orko

noun. goblin

Old Noldorin [Ety/ÓROK] Group: Eldamo. Published by