(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (followed by lenition, e.g. ú-chebin ”I do not keep”) (without). Verb
Sindarin
ú-
prefix. no, not, negative; impossible, no, not, negative; impossible; [N.] bad-
Cognates
- Q. ú- “no, not, un-, in-; hard, difficult, bad, uneasy; hardly, with difficulty, ‘badly’” ✧ PE17/062
Derivations
Element in
- S. ú-chebin estel anim “I have kept no hope for myself” ✧ LotR/1061
- S. Udalraph “Stirrupless” ✧ UT/313
- ᴺS. úgan(n) “gutless, faint-hearted, diffident”
- S. úgarol “not now doing or making, idling” ✧ PE17/144
- S. úgarth “trespass, *(lit.) misdeed” ✧ VT44/28
- ᴺS. úgethiol “boring, (lit.) not interesting”
- S. uin gar “I do not make” ✧ PE17/145
- ᴺS. úlam “dumb, unable to speak, (lit.) untongued”
- S. úlan(n) “narrow, (lit.) not broad” ✧ PE17/144
- S. Úmarth “Ill-fate”
- S. únodui “countless” ✧ PE17/144
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √û > ú [ū-] ✧ VT42/33 Variations
- ū- ✧ PE17/062; PE17/144; PE17/144
- ú ✧ PE17/145; PE22/160; VT42/33; VT44/28 (ú)
- U- ✧ UT/313
- ū ✧ WJ/369
ú-
~M prefix. negates the sense of the following word
ú-
prefix. impossible
ú
prefix. no, not (negative prefix or particle)
ú
not
ú
not
u- (followed by lenition, e.g. ú-chebin ”
law
jyE prefix. not
Neologism derived from the root √LA "no, not". ló- and lenition before consonants. It's meant to be used as an alternative to ú-, which Tolkien rejected as a negative prefix in his later writings.
Examples:
*ló-hevin mass "I do not have bread."
*law aníron mass "I do not want bread."Phonological development:
lā > lǭ > lau, law
?law > ló-
al-
prefix. not
pref. not. >> alfirin
baw
interjection. no, don't!
ogol
bad
thu
bad
_adj. _bad. >> thugar. This gloss was rejected.
û
interjection. no
adv. or interj. no, not (of fact).
al
not
al- (prefix) as in alfirin "not-mortal", immortal.
al
not
(prefix) as in alfirin "not-mortal", immortal.
ava
will not
(i ava, in avar).
baw!
no
! (interjection expressing refusal or prohibition, not denying facts) baw! (dont!) Prefix
baw!
no
(don’t!) Prefix
faeg
bad
*faeg (poor, mean). No distinct pl. form. (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” foeg.)
faeg
bad
(poor, mean). No distinct pl. form. (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” foeg.)
gú
no, not
also ú
law
adverb. not
Derivations
- √LA “no, not; negative; not to be”
said
not common
(lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (separate, private, excluded) (VT42:20)
um
bad
um (evil), pl. ym. David Salo would read *ûm with a long vowel. (According to VT46:20, it may be that um is intended as a base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word.)
um
bad
(evil), pl. ym. David Salo would read ✱ûm with a long vowel. *(According to VT46:20, it may be that um is intended as a base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word.)*
pref. negates the sense of the following word. Applied to all classes of words but especially to verbs and adjectives. Prefixed to verbal stems (without further suffix), it forms quasi-participles in aorist mode (e.g. únod not ever counting, _úbed _not saying). The continuative participle ol can be added in order to express a strictly present (and continuative) sense : úgarol 'not now doing or making', idling vs. ugar '(generally) idle'. There is no sens of 'without' attaching to ú- in Sindarin, see pen- (ben-). >> pen-, úland, úlann