-enca

without, -less

-enca suffix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. nec-, q.v.

au-

without

au- (3) privative prefix, = "without" (AWA)

ava-

without

ava- (3) prefix "without" (AR2, AWA). In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" (q.v.)

nec-

without, -less

nec- prefix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. -enca, q.v.

nec-

prefix. without

Derivations

• √NEK “divide, separate, part; deprive” ✧ PE17/167

Element in

• ᴺQ. necermëa “insubstantial, immaterial”
• ᴺQ. necestel “hopelessness, despair, desperation”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√NEK > nec-	[nek-]	✧ PE17/167

pen

without, not having

[pen prep. "without, not having" (PE17:171). Cf. Ú #1.]

ú

without, destitute of

ú (1) adv. and prep. "without, destitute of" (VT39:14). Usually followed by genitive: ú calo "without light" (cala). In one source, ú is seemingly also used as a negative verb "was not" (VT49:13), but Tolkien revised the text in question.

ben-

soft mut

soft mut. of pen-

pen-

without

(ben-) _ pref. _without,**less. pen-adar 'fatherless'. >> ben-, ú-

pen

preposition/prefix. without, lacking, -less

Derivations

• √PEN “lack, be without, have not” ✧ PE17/173

Element in

• S. Iarwain Ben-adar “Oldest and Fatherless” ✧ PE17/034; PE17/034; PE17/144; PE17/167
• S. penbed “not pronouncable” ✧ PE17/145
• ᴺS. pen-channas “stupid, idiotic, *(lit.) lack-wit”
• ᴺS. penestel “hopelessness, despair, desperation; hopeless, despairing, desperate”
• ᴺS. pen-ind “insane, heartless, crazy”
• S. pennod “without count” ✧ PE17/145
• S. pennoediad “innumerable” ✧ PE17/145

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√PEN > pen-	[pen-]	✧ PE17/173

Variations

• pen- ✧ PE17/034; PE17/173
• pen ✧ PE17/144; PE17/145

pen

preposition. without, lacking, -less

Berhael

soft mut

soft mut. of Perhael** **(e.g. a·Berhael) >> Perhael

baran

soft mut

soft mut. of paran >> Dol Baran, paran

baur

soft mut

soft mut. of paur >> Celebrimbor

berian

soft mut

soft mut. of perian after article i >> perain

beth

soft mut

soft mut. of peth >> peth

dew

soft mut

soft mut. of tew >> tew

galen

soft mut

soft mut. of calen >> calen

govannen

soft mut

soft mut. of covannen

vast

soft mut

soft mut. of #bast.

vedui

soft mut

soft mut. of medui

úvedin

soft mut

soft mut. of úmedin v. & pron. suff. I do not eat. >> -n, ú-, úmedin

úvel

soft mut

soft mut. of úmel _ suff. & verbal stem (quasi-participle in aorist mode) _lit. 'not loving', enemy, inimical. >> ú-, úmel

ar

without

(adv. prefix) ar- (outside)

ar

without

(outside)

pen

without

1) pen (lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited. 2)

pen

without

(lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited.

ú

without

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad *”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

ú

without

u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad ✱”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in: