pen-

to have

pen- vb. negative of #sam- "to have" (q.v.), used as a negative answer to inquires on ownership: penin "no / I haven't" (PE17:173)

pen-

verb. not to have, not to have, *to lack

Derivations

• √PEN “lack, be without, have not” ✧ PE17/173

Element in

• ᴺQ. penië “lack, want, shortage”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√PEN > pen-	[pen-]	✧ PE17/173

pen

without, not having

[pen prep. "without, not having" (PE17:171). Cf. Ú #1.]

nec-

without, -less

nec- prefix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. -enca, q.v.

nec-

prefix. without

Derivations

• √NEK “divide, separate, part; deprive” ✧ PE17/167

Element in

• ᴺQ. necermëa “insubstantial, immaterial”
• ᴺQ. necestel “hopelessness, despair, desperation”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√NEK > nec-	[nek-]	✧ PE17/167

-enca

without, -less

-enca suffix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. nec-, q.v.

quén

one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman

quén (quen-, as in pl. queni; as final element in compounds -quen) noun "one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman", pl. queni = "persons", "(some) people", "they" with the most general meaning (as in "they [= people in general] say that..."). The element is combined with noun and adjective stems in old compounds to denote habitual occupations or functions, or to describe those having some notable (permanent) quality; examples include roquen, ciryaquen, arquen, q.v. Also in aiquen "whoever", ilquen "everybody" (WJ:361 cf. 360, 372).

er

one, alone

er cardinal "one, alone" (ERE, VT48:6, VT49:54), in an early source also adv. "only, but, still" (LT1:269); Eru er "one God" (VT44:17; er was here emended by Tolkien from erëa, which seems to be an adjectival form *"one, single".)

a

cardinal. one

al-

prefix. -less

-less

au-

without

au- (3) privative prefix, = "without" (AWA)

erëa

cardinal. one

erëa adj.? "one" or *"single", apparently an adjectival form (see er) (VT44:17)

min

cardinal. one

min numeral "one", also minë (VT45:34, VT48:6)

min

cardinal. one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first

Cognates

• S. min “one, one, [G.] single” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
• T. min “one” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

• ✶min “one”
  • √MIN “one, first of a series, one, first of a series; [ᴹ√] stand alone, stick out”

Element in

• ᴺQ. millumë “once, one time”
• ᴺQ. mindórë “million”
• Q. minya “first; eminent, prominent”

minë

cardinal. one

minë numeral "one", also min (MINI, VT45:34)

mir

cardinal. one

mir (2) cardinal "one" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather minë)

ava-

without

ava- (3) prefix "without" (AR2, AWA). In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" (q.v.)

-valta

-less

-valta suffix "-less", also -viltë (evidently endings used to derive adjectives like "lifeless") (GL:23) The ending -lóra appears with the same meaning in Tolkien's later Quenya.

-viltë

-less

-viltë adjectival ending "-less", also -valta (evidently endings used to derive adjectives like "lifeless") (GL:23). Rather -lóra in Tolkien's later Quenya.

-lóra

-less, without

-lóra ending "-less, without", as in ómalóra "voiceless" (VT45:28)

mo

one, someone, anyone

mo, indefinite pronoun "one, someone, anyone" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 20, 26)

ú

without, destitute of

ú (1) adv. and prep. "without, destitute of" (VT39:14). Usually followed by genitive: ú calo "without light" (cala). In one source, ú is seemingly also used as a negative verb "was not" (VT49:13), but Tolkien revised the text in question.

pen-

-less

pref. -less. >> penadar

pen-

-less

pref. -less. Q. _pen _without, not having. . This gloss was rejected.

pen-

without

(ben-) _ pref. _without,**less. pen-adar 'fatherless'. >> ben-, ú-

pen-

obsolete except in few names

pref. obsolete except in few names. >> -ben

pen-

verb. 'have not'

v. 'have not'. penimvast 'we have no bread'. >> ú-

pen-

verb. to have not

Derivations

• √PEN “lack, be without, have not” ✧ PE17/144; PE17/171; PE17/173

Element in

• S. pen “without, lacking, -less” ✧ PE17/144
• S. penim vast “we have no bread” ✧ PE17/144

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√PEN > pen-	[pen-]	✧ PE17/173

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody

Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2

pen

preposition. without, lacking, -less

pen

preposition/prefix. without, lacking, -less

Derivations

• √PEN “lack, be without, have not” ✧ PE17/173

Element in

• S. Iarwain Ben-adar “Oldest and Fatherless” ✧ PE17/034; PE17/034; PE17/144; PE17/167
• S. penbed “not pronouncable” ✧ PE17/145
• ᴺS. pen-channas “stupid, idiotic, *(lit.) lack-wit”
• ᴺS. penestel “hopelessness, despair, desperation; hopeless, despairing, desperate”
• ᴺS. pen-ind “insane, heartless, crazy”
• S. pennod “without count” ✧ PE17/145
• S. pennoediad “innumerable” ✧ PE17/145

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√PEN > pen-	[pen-]	✧ PE17/173

Variations

• pen- ✧ PE17/034; PE17/173
• pen ✧ PE17/144; PE17/145

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody, one, somebody, anybody; [N.] Elf

A Sindarin pronoun with the sense “one, somebody, anybody” appearing in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, also used as a suffix in words like orodben “mountaineer” and rochben “rider” (WJ/376), originally “✱mountain-person” and “✱horse-person”. It was thus more narrow in scope than its Quenya cognate quén “person”. Hints of this word can be found in other late writings, such as in the final element in Morben (PE17/141; EtyAC/MOR), originally “Dark-elf” but later expanded to include any people who are not among the Celbin “✱Light folk”, which applied to “peoples in alliance in the War against Morgoth” (WJ/377).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. penn meant “Elf” in the compound N. Morbenn “Dark-elf”, though this word was rejected (EtyAC/MOR). The word N. penn, plural i-phinn “the Elves” also appeared in notes on Ælfwine’s spelling from around 1937-8 (PE22/67). This Noldorin form was thus a cognate of ᴹQ. Qende “Elf”, though elsewhere the usual cognate was N. penedh (Ety/KWEN(ED)); see the entry on S. penedh for further discussion. However, the later Sindarin pronoun/suffix “had no special association with Elves” (WJ/376).

Cognates

• Q. quén “person, individual, man or woman; one, somebody” ✧ WJ/361

Derivations

• ✶kwende “speaker, elf” ✧ PE17/141
  • √KWENED “spoken, articulate, spoken, articulate; [ᴹ√] Elf” ✧ PE17/137
  • √KWEN “speak with rational words” ✧ PE19/093
    • √KWE “vocal speech” ✧ WJ/392
  • √KWEN “speak with rational words” ✧ PE17/140; WJ/360
  • √KWE “vocal speech” ✧ WJ/392
• ✶kwēn “person, one, (some)body” ✧ WJ/360
  • √KWEN “speak with rational words” ✧ WJ/360; WJ/392
  • √KWE “vocal speech” ✧ WJ/392
• √KWEN “speak with rational words” ✧ WJ/376
  • √KWE “vocal speech” ✧ WJ/392

Element in

• ᴺS. alphen “no one, nobody”
• ᴺS. alben “no one”
• S. arphen “noble, knight” ✧ WJ/376
• S. Calben “*Light One” ✧ WJ/362; WJ/376
• ᴺS. ilphen “everyone”
• S. Morben “*Dark-folk” ✧ PE17/141; WJ/362; WJ/376
• ᴺS. narphen “character [of a story]”
• S. orodben “mountaineer, one living in the mountains” ✧ WJ/376
• S. pengolodh “teaching sage, doctor (of lore), teacher of lore, teaching sage, doctor (of lore), *professor”
• S. rochben “rider” ✧ WJ/376
• ᴺS. úben “nobody, no one”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶kwenedē > pen-	[-kwende] > [-pende] > [-pend] > [-penn] > [-pen]	✧ PE17/141
✶kwēn > pen	[kwene] > [pene] > [pen]	✧ WJ/360
√KWEN > pen	[kwene] > [pene] > [pen]	✧ WJ/376

Variations

• pen- ✧ PE17/141
• pen ✧ WJ/362; WJ/376

-ben

suffix. obsolete except in few names

suff. obsolete except in few names. >> pen-

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

min

cardinal. one, one, [G.] single

Cognates

• Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06

Element in

• S. Miniel “Vanyar”
• S. minlamad “?alliteration, (lit.) first-echoing”
• S. minui “first” ✧ VT42/25
• S. minuial “(dawn) twilight”

Variations

• min ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
• mîn ✧ VT42/25

mîn

fraction. one (first of a series)

ar

without

(adv. prefix) ar- (outside)

ar

without

(outside)

ú

without

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad *”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

ú

without

u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad ✱”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

pen

cardinal. one

(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

one

(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

without

1) pen (lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited. 2)

pen

without

(lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited.

eru

the one

isolated from

min

cardinal. one

1) (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)

min

one

mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.

êr

one

whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)

gar

have

(i ’âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, possess; be able, can); pa.t. garant. (AI:92, VT45:14)

er

cardinal. one

Cognates

• Q. er “one, alone, one, alone; [ᴱQ.] only, a single” ✧ VT48/06

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

• Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first” ✧ VT48/06

ash

cardinal. one

Element in

• Bs. ash nazg durbatulûk “one ring to rule them all” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011
• Bs. ash nazg gimbatul “one ring to find them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011
• Bs. ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul “one ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011

ash

cardinal. one

imin

masculine name. One

Element in

• Q. Imillië “Company of Imin”

min

cardinal. one

Derivations

• √MIN “one, first of a series, one, first of a series; [ᴹ√] stand alone, stick out”

Derivatives

• Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first”

Element in

• ✶Imin “One” ✧ WJ/421
• ✶Iminye ✧ WJ/421

Variations

• Min ✧ NM/060

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

• ᴹQ. min “one” ✧ Ety/MINI

Derivations

• ᴹ√MIN “stand alone, stick out” ✧ Ety/MINI

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MINI > min	[mini] > [mine] > [min]	✧ Ety/MINI