ash

cardinal. one

ash nazg durbatulûk

one ring to rule them all

ash nazg gimbatul

one ring to find them

ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul

one ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them

ash

cardinal. one

ring inscription

one ring to rule them all

lith

noun. ash, ash; [N.] sand

A noun for “ash” appearing as an element in names like Lithlad “Plain of Ashes” (RC/457) and Dor-nu-Fauglith “Land under Choking Ash” (WJ/239-240), as well as in the adjective lithui “ashy, ashen” (RGEO/66, RC/765). It is translated as “dust” in the name Anfauglith “Gasping Dust” (S/150), but since this is the name for Ard-galen after the region was burned by the forces of Morgoth, this may simply be a loose translation for “ash”.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s N. lith was glossed “sand” from primitive ᴹ✶litse under the root ᴹ√LIT (Ety/LIT), and in this document N. Fauglith was translated “Thirsty Sand” (Ety/PHAU), as opposed to its original translation from the 1920s and early-to-mid 1930s which was simply “Thirst” (LB/275; SM/26, 101; LR/280).

Neo-Sindarin: For Neo-Sindarin I’d use lith mainly in its 1950s-60s sense “ash” but also allow its 1930s sense “sand”, but for “dust” I’d use [N.] ast. @@@ Maybe it would be better to coin a neologism for “sand”?

faran

noun. rowan, rowan, *ash

A Sindarin word for a “rowan” [a species of ash tree], cognate to Q. farnë and derivative of √PHAR(AN) (PE17/83), possibly a later iteration of N. †fêr “beech-tree” from the root ᴹ√PHER(EN) (Ety/PHER).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. soros “ash-tree” of unclear derivation (GL/68).

lithir

place name. ?Ash River

A small river flowing south out of the Ered Wethrin appearing in the Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s and associated maps (WJ/181, 261) but not in the published version of The Silmarillion. The final element is likely the lenited form of sîr “river”, and the initial element might be lith “ash” (as suggested by David Salo, GS/383).

lithui

adjective. ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty

The adjective form of lith “ash”, variously glossed as “ashy” (RGEO/66), “ashen” (RC/765), “of ash” or more exactly “ashen, ash-coloured, ashy, dusty” (VT42/10), most notably used in the name Ered Lithui “Ashen Mountains”.

Conceptual Development: The name N. Ered Lithui was already translated “Ash Mts [Mountains]” when it first appeared on early maps for The Lord of the Rings (TI/305).

Ered Lithui

noun. ash mountains

ered (pl. of orod “mountain”), lith (“ash, sand, dust”) + ui (adjective suffix))

Lithlad

noun. ash plain

lith (“ash, sand, dust”) + lad (“plain, valley”)

lith

noun. ash, sand, dust

lithui

adjective. ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty

ered lithui

place name. Ashen Mountains

The “Ashen Mountains” north of Mordor (LotR/636). This name is a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” and lithui “ashen” (SA/lith, RC/765).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Eredlithui (TI/344) and was translated “Ash Mts [Mountains]” on early maps for The Lord of the Rings (TI/305).

lith

ash

lith (sand, dust), no distinct pl. form.

lith

ash

(sand, dust), no distinct pl. form.****

lithui

ashen

(ashy) lithui (no distinct pl. form)

lithui

ashen

(no distinct pl. form)

cûn

bowed

cûn (bowshaped, bent), lenited gûn; pl. cuin

min

cardinal. one

1) (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)

pen

cardinal. one

(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

Ered Lithui

place name. Ered Lithui

topon.

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

min

cardinal. one, one, [G.] single

mîn

fraction. one (first of a series)

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody

Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2

cûn

bowed

(bowshaped, bent), lenited gûn; pl. cuin

eru

the one

isolated from

min

one

mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.

pen

one

(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

êr

one

whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)

farnë

noun. ash, rowan, ash, rowan; [ᴹQ.] foliage

A Quenya noun for the rowan-tree, appearing in an explanation of the name Orofarnë “Mountain Ash” in notes from the 1950s, though Tolkien marked it with a “?” as uncertain (PE17/83). Its older form was either fărnĭ or primitive ✶pharne; if the former, its stem form would be farni-.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies from the 1930s, a similar word ᴹQ. feren/ferne appears as the Quenya word for “beech-tree” under the root ᴹ√PHER(EN) (Ety/PHER). Conversely, ᴹQ. farne appeared with the gloss “foliage” as a derivative of {ᴹ√PHARAN >>} ᴹ√PHAS (EtyAC/PHARAN, PHAS). As names of trees, it is possible that Tolkien intended to replace ferne < ᴹ√PHER(EN) with farnë < √PHAR(AN).

Neo-Quenya: For the purpose of Neo-Quenya writing, I think it is worth retaining both ᴹQ. feren “beech” and Q. farnë “ash, rowan” (along with its Sindarin cognate S. faran) as etymological variants referring to two distinct species of trees. For the sense “foliage”, it is probably better to use the later word olass(i)ë.

littë

noun. ash

A neologism for “ash” coined by Helge Fauskanger in his NQNT (NQNT), the Quenya equivalent of S. lith “ash”. In The Etymologies of the 1930s the Quenya cognate of N. lith was ᴹQ. litse (Ety/LIT), but in that document these words were glossed “sand”. Introducing a separate neologism ᴺQ. littë “ash” helps keep these two senses distinct.

naityana

adjective. shamed, ashamed

a

cardinal. one

er

one, alone

er cardinal "one, alone" (ERE, VT48:6, VT49:54), in an early source also adv. "only, but, still" (LT1:269); Eru er "one God" (VT44:17; er was here emended by Tolkien from erëa, which seems to be an adjectival form *"one, single".)

erëa

cardinal. one

erëa adj.? "one" or *"single", apparently an adjectival form (see er) (VT44:17)

min

cardinal. one

min numeral "one", also minë (VT45:34, VT48:6)

min

cardinal. one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first

minë

cardinal. one

minë numeral "one", also min (MINI, VT45:34)

mir

cardinal. one

mir (2) cardinal "one" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather minë)

mo

one, someone, anyone

mo, indefinite pronoun "one, someone, anyone" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 20, 26)

quén

one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman

quén (quen-, as in pl. queni; as final element in compounds -quen) noun "one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman", pl. queni = "persons", "(some) people", "they" with the most general meaning (as in "they [= people in general] say that..."). The element is combined with noun and adjective stems in old compounds to denote habitual occupations or functions, or to describe those having some notable (permanent) quality; examples include roquen, ciryaquen, arquen, q.v. Also in aiquen "whoever", ilquen "everybody" (WJ:361 cf. 360, 372).

eredlithui

place name. Ash Mountains

lithui

adjective. ash[en]

lith

noun. ash, sand, dust

cûn

adjective. bowed, bow-shaped, bent

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

min

cardinal. one

imin

masculine name. One

min

cardinal. one

er

cardinal. one

min

cardinal. one