Quenya 

laimë

shade

laimë noun "shade" (DAY; in an earlier version the gloss was "shadow (cast by an object or form)"; see VT45:8-9. Perhaps Tolkien transferred this meaning to lëo when giving laimë the more general meaning "shade".)

natsë

web, net

natsë noun "web, net" (NAT)

ména

region

ména noun "region" (MEN). Not to be confused with the present/continuative tense of #men- "go".

yón

noun. region

úcalima

adjective. dim, murky

Quenya [PE 22:156] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

ravanda

wilderness

?ravanda noun?, a form cited by Tolkien to elucidate the Noldorin word rhofan "wilderness"; it is not clear whether ravanda is meant as a Quenya cognate or just as an etymological (Old Noldorin?) form (VT46:10)

lie

noun. people

Quenya [PE 22:124] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

lië

people

lië noun "people" (LI, Narqelion, VT39:6), in Eldalië, losselië, Ornelië (q.v.); possessive #liéva in Mindon Eldaliéva (q.v.); maybe also compounded in #rohtalië, #ruhtalië (q.v.)

lér

man

**lér noun "man" (NI1; hypothetical Q form of PQ dēr; the form actually used in Quenya was nér)

nér

man

nér (1) (ner-, as in pl. neri) noun "man" (adult male elf, mortal, or of other speaking race) (MR:213, VT49:17, DER, NDER, NI1, VT45:9; see also WJ:393)

nér

noun. man

Quenya [PE 22:124] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

vië

manhood, vigour

vië noun "manhood, vigour" (WEG)

vëo

man

vëo noun "man" (WEG; etymologically connected to vëa "manly, vigorous"; the more neutral word for "man" is nér. According to VT46:21, Tolkien indicated that vëo is an archaic or poetic word.) Tolkien at a later point defined the word as "living creature" (PE17:189). Cf. variant wëo, q.v.

liyúmë

host

liyúmë noun "host" (VT48:32)

liyúmë

noun. host

Variations

  • liyúme ✧ VT48/32

mordo

shadow, obscurity, stain

mordo (1) noun "shadow, obscurity, stain" (MOR)

lómin

shade, shadow

lómin noun "shade, shadow" (LT1:255)

Yón

region, any (fairly extensive) region between obstacles such as rivers or mountains

yón (2), variant of yondë, q.v. Defined as "a region, any (fairly extensive) region _between obstacles such as rivers or mountains" (PE17:43)_

lëo

shade, shadow cast by any object

lëo noun "shade, shadow cast by any object" (DAY)

miltë

noun. semen

Cognates

  • ᴺS. milt “semen”
Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

hravanda

noun. wilderness

Elements

WordGloss
hráva“wild, savage, wild, savage, [ᴹQ.] untamed”
Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

Sindarin 

gwaith

noun. manhood

Sindarin [Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwaith

noun. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people

Sindarin [Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwaith

noun. region, wilderness

Sindarin [Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwaith

noun. a 'people' associated by place and occupation

_n. _a 'people' associated by place and occupation. >> , rim, -waith

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:190] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

gwaith

noun. people; region, people, [ᴱN.] men, folk; [N.] manhood; man-power, troop of able bodied men, host, regiment; [S.] region

Cognates

  • Q. vehtë “[a span of] life; habitat, haunt” ✧ PE17/190

Derivations

  • wegtē “activity, occupation” ✧ PE17/189
    • WEG “live, be active, live, be active; [ᴹ√] (manly) vigour” ✧ PE17/189
  • WĒ/EWE “person, being, individual” ✧ PE17/190

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
weg-tē > gwaith[wegtē] > [wektē] > [wekte] > [wektʰe] > [wexθe] > [gwexθe] > [gweiθe] > [gweiθ] > [gwaiθ]✧ PE17/189
Sindarin [Let/224; PE17/190; SA/gwaith] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gwath

noun. shade, shadow, dim light

Sindarin [Ety/397, S/432] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwath

noun. stain

Sindarin [Ety/397, S/432] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gardh

noun. bounded or defined region

Sindarin [WJ/402] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gardh

noun. world

Sindarin [WJ/402] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gardh

noun. region

Cognates

  • Q. arda “region, realm, particular land or region, region, realm, particular land or region; [ᴱQ.] place, spot” ✧ WJ/402

Derivations

  • gardā “region” ✧ WJ/402
    • ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend”

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
gardā > gardh[gardā] > [garda] > [garða] > [garð]✧ WJ/402
Sindarin [UT/034; WJ/402] Group: Eldamo. Published by

adanath

noun. men

Sindarin [MR/373] Group: SINDICT. Published by

guruthos

noun. the shadow of death, death-horror

Sindarin [di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278] Group: SINDICT. Published by

fain

dim

adj. dim, dimmed (applied to dimmed or fading lights or to things seen in them); filmy, fine-woven, etc. (applied to things that only partially screened light, such as a canopy of young still half-transparent leaves, or textures that veiled but only half-concealed a form).

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:174] < *_phanyā_ < PHAN cover, screen, veil. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

hoth

noun. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense)

Sindarin [Ety/364, S/432] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ardhon

noun. great region, province

Sindarin [Calenardhon S/386, PM/348] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ardhon

noun. world

Sindarin [Calenardhon S/386, PM/348] Group: SINDICT. Published by

region

noun. holly-tree area

[HKF] reg (Dor. regorn “holly tree”) + ion (Dor. gen. pl. suffix) = Dor. Regornion [Etym. ERÉK-]

Sindarin [Tolkiendil] Group: Tolkiendil Compound Sindarin Names. Published by

drúadan

noun. wild man, one of the Woses

Sindarin [UT/385] drû+adan. Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhovan

noun. wilderness

Sindarin [Rhovanion LotR/Map, VT/46:10] Group: SINDICT. Published by

dae

noun. shadow

Sindarin [Ety/354, S/430] Group: SINDICT. Published by

dae

noun. shadow, shadow (cast by an object or form), [N.] shade

Element in

  • S. Daeron ✧ SA/dae
  • S. Dor Daedeloth “Land of Great Dread; Land of Shadow of Horror” ✧ SA/dae

dîr

noun. man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix

A word for “man” as a male person, attested only as an element in compounds or as (archaic?) ndir (PE17/60). This word likely refers to male individuals of all races including Elves, Men, Dwarves and so forth, much like its Quenya cognate Q. nér. This word must have been derived from the primitive subjective form ✶ndēr of the root √N(D)ER “male person”, where the ancient long ē became ī, and the initial cluster nd- became d-, though the ancient cluster would still be reflected in mutated forms, such as in i nîr “the man” rather than ✱✱i dhîr.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor to this word is (archaic) G. †drio “hero, warrior” with variants driw, driodweg and driothweg, a cognate of ᴱQ. nēr (GL/22). This Gnomish word was derived from primitive ᴱ✶n’reu̯, where the initial nr- became dr-. At this early stage, the root was unstrengthened ᴱ√NERE (QL/65), as reflected in (archaic) ᴱN. nîr “hero, prince, warrior-elf” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/164).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DER “adult male, man” of any speaking race and the derived form was N. dîr (Ety/DER). However, in this document Tolkien said:

> EN †dîr surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL], Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir “doer, maker”) ... In ordinary use EN has benn [for “man”] (properly = “husband”).

Thus in the scenario described in The Etymologies, dîr “man” was archaic and used only as an element in names or as a suffix. In ordinary speech it was replaced by N. benn, which used to mean “husband” but now meant “man”, while the word for “husband” became N. hervenn (Ety/BES). It is unlikely Tolkien imagined this exact scenario in later Sindarin, however, since the 1930s root for benn was ᴹ√BES “wed”, but by the 1960s the root for husband/wife/marry words had become √BER.

Neo-Sindarin: Since the status of N. benn is questionable given ᴹ√BES >> √BER, many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. ✱dîr as the Sindarin word for man. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable for “man, male person”. This is because I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES as the root for “marry, wed”, since it is the best basis for attested husband/wife words in (Neo) Sindarin.

Derivations

Element in

Variations

  • ndir ✧ PE17/060
Sindarin [PE17/060] Group: Eldamo. Published by

adan

noun. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men)

Sindarin [LotR/A(v), S/427, PM/324, WJ/387, Letters/282] Q. atan. Group: SINDICT. Published by

lum

noun. shade

Sindarin [Ety/370, X/LH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Dúnadan

noun. Man of the west, Númenórean

Sindarin [LotR/I:XII, WJ/378, S/390] dûn+adan. Group: SINDICT. Published by

adanadar

noun. man, one of the Fathers of Men

Sindarin [MR/373] adan+adar. Group: SINDICT. Published by

morchant

noun. shadow (of objects, cast by light), dark shape

Sindarin [S/432, VT/42:9] morn+cant "dark shape". Group: SINDICT. Published by

drû

noun. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man

In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word

Sindarin [UT/385] MS *druγ, Dr druγu. Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwaith

region

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).

gwaith

host

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith). –

gwaith

troop of able-bodied men

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith)

gwaith

people

gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**).

gwaith

people

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).

gwaith

wilderness

(i ’waith) (also meaning manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region), no distinct pl. form except when marked as pl. by article (in gwaith).

gwaith

manhood

gwaith (i **waith) (manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**)

gwaith

manhood

(i ’waith) (manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith)

gwaith

regiment

gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**)

gwaith

regiment

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith)

gwaith

troop of able-bodied men

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).

gwaith

able-bodied men, troop of

gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**)

gwaith

troop of able-bodied men

gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**).

gwaith

troop of able-bodied men

gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**)

gwaith

manpower

gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**)

gwaith

manpower

gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**)

gwaith

manpower

(i ’waith) (manhood, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith)

gwaith

able-bodied men, troop of

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith)

gwatha

stain

(verb) gwatha- (i **watha, in gwathar**) (soil)

gwatha

stain

(i ’watha, in gwathar) (soil)

gwathra

dim

(verb) gwathra- (i **wathra, in gwathrar**) (overshadow, veil, obscure)

gwathra

dim

(i ’wathra, in gwathrar) (overshadow, veil, obscure)

gwâth

shadow

(i ’wâth; construct gwath) (shade, dim light), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261)

gwâth

shade

(noun) 1) gwâth (i **wâth; construct gwath) (shadow, dim light), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261), 2) dae (i dhae) (shadow), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nae), 3) lûm (pl. luim**).

gwâth

shade

(i ’wâth; construct gwath) (shadow, dim light), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261)

gwâth

dim light

(i ’wâth; construct gwath) (shadow, shade), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261);

denwaith

people of denwe

(WJ:385);

gwathren

dim

(adj.) gwathren (shadowy), lenited wathren; pl. gwethrin. (A lenited pl. is attested in the name Ered Wethrin, Shadowy Mountains.);

gwathren

dim

(shadowy), lenited ’wathren; pl. gwethrin. (A lenited pl. is attested in the name Ered Wethrin, Shadowy Mountains.);

gwathuirim

people of dunland

(”shadowy people”) (PM:330);

auth

dim shape

(spectral or vague apparition), pl. oeth, coll. pl. othath. Note: a homophone means "war, battle".

nath

web

(pl. naith).

gaurhoth

werewolf

).

gardh

region

(i ’ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh)

gwaen

stained

(lenited ’waen; no distinct pl. form)

gwass

stain

(noun) 1) gwass (i **wass, construct gwas), pl. gwais (in gwais), also gwath (i **wath), pl. gwaith (in gwaith), 2) (noun) maw (i vaw) (soil), pl. moe (i moe). Note: a homophone is an archaic word for ”hand”. 3) mael (i vael), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mael). Also as adj.

gwass

stain

(i ’wass, construct gwas), pl. gwais (in gwais), also gwath (i ’wath), pl. gwaith (in gwaith)

gwî

web

1) gwî (i **) (net), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwî), 2) nath (pl. naith**).

gwî

web

(i ’wî) (net), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwî)

dúath

dark shadow

(i dhúath) (nightshade), pl. dúaith (i núaith). Compare the Ephel Dúath or ”Mountains of Shadow” forming th outer fence of Mordor, perhaps suggesting that Dúath is also the word used of Sauron as ”the Shadow”.

gwanur

kinsman, kinswoman

(i ’wanur) (brother), pl. gwenyr (in gwenyr). Note: a homophone of the sg. means ”pair of twins”.

gwanur

kinswoman

(i ’wanur) (brother), pl. gwenyr (in gwenyr). Note: a homophone of the sg. means ”pair of twins”.

iathrim

people of doriath

(”Fence-people”) (WJ:378);

ardh

region

1) ardh (realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath. 2) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413), 3) gardh (i **ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh), 4) gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).

ardh

region

(realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath.

galadhrim

people of the trees

(Elves of Lórien)

hoth

host

(noun) 1) hoth (i choth, o choth) (crowd, horde), pl. hyth (i chyth). 2) rim (great number, crowd), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”. 3) gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith). WOLF-HOST, see under WEREWOLF (concerning gaurhoth**).

hoth

host

(i choth, o choth) (crowd, horde), pl. hyth (i chyth).

milt

noun. semen

Cognates

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

herth

troop

1) _(troop under a hîr = ”lord”)_ herth (i cherth, o cherth) (household), pl. hirth (i chirth). 2)

herth

troop

(i cherth, o cherth) (household), pl. hirth (i chirth).

mael

stain

(i vael), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mael). Also as adj.

maw

stain

(i vaw) (soil), pl. moe (i moe). Note: a homophone is an archaic word for ”hand”.

dôr

region

(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413)

gilwen

region of stars

(Quenya Ilmen), also Gilith. In the Etymologies, this word is derived from a root GIL (LR:358) and would then have the form ’Ilwen (’Ilwith) when lenited. But in a later source, Tolkien cited the relevant root as ÑGIL (MR:388), and the lenited form would then be Ngilwen (Ngilwith).

ilphen

 noun. everyone

il- (every/all) + pen (someone/somebody).

Sindarin [Realelvish.net] Group: Neologism. Published by

mael

stained

(lenited vael; no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”lust”. Another adj.

thalion

dauntless man

(hero), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”. 

dúnadan

man of the west

(i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386).

rhavan

wild man

(?i thravan or ?i ravanthe lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). – The following terms apparently apply to ”men” of any speaking race:

eriador

wilderness

(a region in Middle-earth), pl. eriadyr if there is a pl.

fuin

nightshade

(gloom, darkness, night, dead of night); no distinct pl. form.

loss

wilderness

(construct los; pl. lyss). (Note: homophones mean ”flower” [more commonly loth] and ”fallen snow”.)

rhovannor

wilderness

1) rhovannor (?i throvannor or ?i rovannor the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhovennyr (?idh rovennyr) (VT46:10); 2) Eriador (a region in Middle-earth), pl. eriadyr if there is a pl.; 3) gwaith (i **waith) (also meaning manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region), no distinct pl. form except when marked as pl. by article (in gwaith). 4) loss (construct los; pl. lyss). (Note: homophones mean ”flower” [more commonly loth**] and ”fallen snow”.)

rhovannor

wilderness

(?i throvannor or ?i rovannor – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhovennyr (?idh rovennyr) (VT46:10)

adan

man

(pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

curunír

man of craft

(i gurunír, o churunír) (wizard), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. ?curuníriath.

dae

shadow

(i dhae) (shade), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nae).

dae

shade

(i dhae) (shadow), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nae)

dîr

man

1) (adult male of any speaking race) dîr (dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”. 2) (mortal human as opposed to Elf) Adan (pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

dîr

man

(dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”.

rim

host

(great number, crowd), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

aran

king of a region

(pl. erain)

daew

shadow

(i dhaew), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndaew) (VT45:8).

muil

shadow

(i vuil) (twilight, dreariness, vagueness), no distinct pl. except with article (i muil)

lhing

spider’s web, cobweb

(?i thling or ?i lingthe lenition product of lh is uncertain) (also used = ”spider”); no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i ling). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thling.

lûm

shade

(pl. luim).

send

sinda

#send (i hend, o send, construct sen) _(probably a term only used by the Noldor, borrowed from Quenya Sinda)_, pl. sind (i sind), coll. pl. Sendrim (the only attested form) = Quenya Sindar. As coll. pl. also Thindrim (VT41:9). The Sindar could also be called Eluwaith (e.g. _Elu-_people, the subjects of Elu Thingol: Elu + gwaith); this word was maybe only used in the First Age when Thingol was alive. The Sindar called themselves ELVES; see under FORSAKEN.

send

sinda

(i hend, o send, construct sen) (probably a term only used by the Noldor, borrowed from Quenya Sinda), pl. sind (i sind), coll. pl. Sendrim (the only attested form) = Quenya Sindar. As coll. pl. also Thindrim (VT41:9). The Sindar could also be called Eluwaith (e.g. Elu-people, the subjects of Elu Thingol: Elu + gwaith); this word was maybe only used in the First Age when Thingol was alive. The Sindar called themselves

firion

mortal man

(pl. firyn).

morchant

shadow

1) morchant (i vorchant), pl. morchaint (i morchaint). The literal meaning is ”dark shape”, referring to shadows with a recognizable form. 2) dae (i dhae) (shade), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nae). 3) daew (i dhaew), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndaew) (VT45:8). 4) gwâth (i **wâth; construct gwath) (shade, dim light), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261) 5) muil (i vuil) (twilight, dreariness, vagueness), no distinct pl. except with article (i muil**),

morchant

shadow

(i vorchant), pl. morchaint (i morchaint). The literal meaning is ”dark shape”, referring to shadows with a recognizable form.

haradrim

people of the south

(southerners, southrons);

rohirrim

people of rohan

(Gondorian pronunciation of Rochirrim; see

bôr

trusty man

(boron-) (i vôr, construct bor) (steadfast man, faithful vassal), pl. *b**ŷr* for older beryn, i meryn (archaic böryn, i möryn). In ”Noldorin”, the older pl. forms were berein, beren.

Nandorin 

beorn

noun. man

The shift of e to eo is strange and has no direct parallels, but compare eo from i in meord "fine rain" (< primitive mizdê). Normally final becomes in Nandorin (see golda), but here it is simply lost instead of producing *beorna. C.f. meord the other word where we might have expected to see a final -a (in that case from ); it may be that final vowels are lost in words that would otherwise come to have more than two syllables. - The shift of primitive s to r in besnô > beorn may be ascribed primarily to the blending with ber(n)ô, but r from z is seen in meord < mizdê; perhaps the s of besnô first became z and then r. Such developments are common in Quenya.

Nandorin [H. Fauskanger (LR:352)] besnô "blend with" ber(n)ô "valiant man, warrior". Published by

scella

noun. shade, screen

Probably noun. Primitive form given as skalnâ, derived from the stem SKAL1 "screen, hide (from light)" (LR:386). Since -nâ is an adjectival ending, often taking on the meaning of a kind of past participle, skalnâ must mean "screened, hidden (from light)"; this has become a noun "shade, screen" in Nandorin.

The word scella, sciella alone tells us that ln is assimilated to ll in Nandorin, and as in dunna, spenna a primitive final , usually lost, seems to persist as -a following a double consonant. The shift of a to e in skalnâ > scella is parallelled by the similar shift in spannâ > spenna, q.v. However, such a shift does not occur in what might seem to be similar environments (before a double consonant?); cf. hrassa, not hressa, from khrassê. It would seem that e might further break up into ie, scella having the alternative form sciella.

Nandorin [H. Fauskanger (LR:386)] < SKAL. Published by

sciella

noun. shade, screen

Nandorin [H. Fauskanger] < SKAL. Published by

Adûnaic

ugru

noun. shadow

A noun translated “shadow” (SD/247), also described as “a word with the evil sense of ‘night’ or ‘dark’” (SD/306). It appears in the preprositional phrase ugru-dalad “under shadow” (SD/247) and in the draft-dative form ugrus “‽horror‽shadow” (SD/311).

Element in

Adûnaic [SD/247; SD/306; SD/311] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nâlu

noun. shadow

A noun attested only in the compound agannâlô “death-shadow [is]” (SD/247, VT24/12). The first element of the compound, agan “death”, as identified elsewhere (SD/426), so the remaining element must mean “shadow”. The compound is the subject of the sentence agannâlô burôda nênud “death-shadow [is] heavy on us” and is therefore in the subjective case. According the grammatical rules of Lowdham’s Report, the only possibly normal form producing this subjective is nâlu: compare nîlu “moon” to its subjective form nîlô (SD/431).

Conceptual Development: In early writings, the compound was (non-subjective) agannūlo, so that the apparent draft form of this noun was nūlo. A similar form nūlu appears on SD/306, described only as “a word with the evil sense of ‘night’ or ‘dark’”. It could be a separate word or another variation of this word, with the development nūlo >> nūlu >> nālu. Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne suggested (AAD/21) that the earlier forms may be related to ᴹQ. nulla “dark, dusky, obscure”.

Element in

Variations

  • nūlu ✧ SD/306
  • nūlo ✧ SD/312
Adûnaic [SD/247; SD/306; SD/312] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive elvish

wath

noun. shadow

Derivations

  • WATH “*shade, [ᴹ√] shade”

Derivatives

  • S. gwath “shadow, dim light, shadow, dim light, [N.] shade” ✧ PE17/041
Primitive elvish [PE17/041] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gardā

noun. region

Derivations

  • ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend”

Derivatives

  • Q. arda “region, realm, particular land or region, region, realm, particular land or region; [ᴱQ.] place, spot” ✧ WJ/402
  • S. gardh “region” ✧ WJ/402
Primitive elvish [WJ/402] Group: Eldamo. Published by

roban

noun. wilderness

Derivations

  • DROB “*wild” ✧ PE17/099

Derivatives

  • S. rhovan “wilderness; wild beast” ✧ PE17/099

Element in

Primitive elvish [PE17/099] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ndē̆r

noun. man

Derivations

  • N(D)ER “male (person), man”

Derivatives

  • S. dîr “man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix”
Primitive elvish [PE19/102] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

gwaith

noun. manhood

Noldorin [Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwaith

noun. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people

Noldorin [Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwaith

noun. region, wilderness

Noldorin [Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwath

noun. shade, shadow, dim light

Noldorin [Ety/397, S/432] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwath

noun. stain

Noldorin [Ety/397, S/432] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwath

noun. shade

Cognates

  • Ilk. gwath “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH

Derivations

  • On. watha “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH
    • ᴹ√WATH “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
On. watha > gwath[waθa] > [gwaθa] > [gwaθ]✧ Ety/WATH

Variations

  • gwath ✧ Ety/WATH
Noldorin [Ety/DYEL; Ety/WATH] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gwath

noun. stain

Derivations

  • On. watte “a stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
    • ᴹ✶wahtē “a stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
    • ᴹ√WAƷ “stain, soil” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Element in

  • N. Iarwath “Blood-stained” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
On. watte > gwath[watte] > [wattʰe] > [waθθe] > [gwaθθe] > [gwaθθ] > [gwaθ]✧ Ety/WAƷ

Variations

  • gwath ✧ Ety/WAƷ
Noldorin [Ety/WAƷ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gweith

noun. manhood

Noldorin [Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gweith

noun. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people

Noldorin [Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gweith

noun. region, wilderness

Noldorin [Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1] Group: SINDICT. Published by

forodwaith

noun. Northmen

Noldorin [Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI] forod+gwaith. Group: SINDICT. Published by

forodwaith

noun. the lands of the North

Noldorin [Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI] forod+gwaith. Group: SINDICT. Published by

nath

noun. web

Noldorin [Ety/375] Group: SINDICT. Published by

nath

noun. web

A noun for “web” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√NAT “lace, weave, tie” with Quenya cognate ᴹQ. natse (Ety/NAT).

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. natse “web, net” ✧ Ety/NAT

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NAT “lace, weave, tie” ✧ Ety/NAT

Element in

  • N. gonathra- “to entangle, enmesh” ✧ Ety/NAT
  • N. nathron “weaver, webster” ✧ Ety/NAT

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NAT > nath[natse] > [naθθe] > [naθθ] > [naθ]✧ Ety/NAT

gwass

noun. stain

Noldorin [Ety/397] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwass

noun. stain

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. vakse “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Derivations

  • On. wasse “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
    • ᴹ✶wahsē “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
    • ᴹ√WAƷ “stain, soil” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
On. wasse > gwass[wasse] > [gwasse] > [gwass]✧ Ety/WAƷ
Noldorin [Ety/WAƷ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

forodweith

noun. Northmen

Noldorin [Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI] forod+gwaith. Group: SINDICT. Published by

forodweith

noun. the lands of the North

Noldorin [Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI] forod+gwaith. Group: SINDICT. Published by

hoth

noun. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense)

Noldorin [Ety/364, S/432] Group: SINDICT. Published by

hmael

noun/adjective. stain

Noldorin [Ety/386] Group: SINDICT. Published by

mael

noun/adjective. stain

Noldorin [Ety/386] Group: SINDICT. Published by

hmael

noun/adjective. stained

Noldorin [Ety/386] Group: SINDICT. Published by

mael

noun/adjective. stained

Noldorin [Ety/386] Group: SINDICT. Published by

forodrim

noun. Northmen

Noldorin [Ety/392] forod+rim. Group: SINDICT. Published by

lhoss

noun. wilderness

Derivations

  • ᴹ√LUS “*empty” ✧ Ety/LUS

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√LUS > lhoss[lusse] > [losse] > [loss] > [l̥oss]✧ Ety/LUS
Noldorin [EtyAC/LUS] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rhofan

noun. wilderness

Noldorin [Rhovanion LotR/Map, VT/46:10] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhofan

noun. wilderness

Derivations

  • ᴹ√RAB “*wild” ✧ Ety/RAB

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√RAB > rhofan[rābana] > [rǭbana] > [roubana] > [rouvana] > [rauvana] > [rauvan] > [r̥auvan] > [r̥ovan]✧ Ety/RAB
Noldorin [EtyAC/RAB] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rhofannor

place name. Wilderness

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. ravanda “wilderness” ✧ EtyAC/RAB

Elements

WordGloss
rhofan“wilderness”
dôr“land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live”

Variations

  • rhofannor ✧ EtyAC/RAB
Noldorin [EtyAC/RAB] Group: Eldamo. Published by

dae

noun. shadow

Noldorin [Ety/354, S/430] Group: SINDICT. Published by

daew

noun. shadow

lhum

noun. shade

Noldorin [Ety/370, X/LH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

lhum

noun. shade

A word appearing as N. lhum “shade” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√LUM, most notably an element in the name N. Hithlum (Ety/LUM). It was the cognate of ᴹQ. lumbe, and thus derived from primitive ✱lumbē, which explains why the final m survived as a reduction of mb.

Conceptual Development: The earliest iteration of this word was G. lôm {“pool, sl...” >>} “gloom, shade” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, based on primitive ᴱ✶lou̯me (GL/54) and probably derived from the early root ᴱ√LOMO as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Hisilómë). In this early document, G. lum or glum was “a cloud” (GL/55), likely a derivative of ᴱ√LUVU for “✱dark weather” as also suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Luvier). In Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s Tolkien had ᴱN. {lom >>} lhom “shadow” (PE13/149). This became N. lhum “shade” in The Etymologies, as noted above.

Neo-Sindarin: In later writings, Hithlum was designated North Sindarin and its final element was based on a loan from Q. lómë “dusk”, with the m surviving only because it was from the North dialect (PE17/133; WJ/400). However, the root √LUM “shadow, darkness” also survived in later writings (PE17/168), so I think N. lhum “shade” can be salvaged, though if adapted to Neo-Sindarin it would need to become ᴺS. lum as suggested in HSD (HSD). Given the later use of Q. lumbo for “(dark) cloud”, I think the Gnomish sense G. lum “[dark] cloud” can be salvaged as well.

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. lumbe “gloom, shadow” ✧ Ety/LUM

Derivations

  • ᴹ√LUM “*shadow” ✧ Ety/LUM

Element in

  • N. Hithlum “Land of Mist, (lit.) Mist-and-Dusk” ✧ Ety/LUM
  • N. lhumren “shady” ✧ Ety/LUM

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√LUM > lhum[lumbe] > [lumbe] > [lumb] > [l̥umb] > [l̥umb] > [l̥umm] > [l̥um]✧ Ety/LUM

dîr

noun. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race)

Noldorin [Ety/354, Ety/352] Group: SINDICT. Published by

benn

noun. man, male

Noldorin [Ety/352, VT/45:9] "husband". Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Westron

nas

noun. people

Cognates

  • Q. nos(së) “kindred, family, kindred, family, [ᴹQ.] clan, ‘house’, [ᴱQ.] folk, kin, people” ✧ PM/320

Derivations

  • S. nos(s) “family, kindred, clan, house; race, tribe, people” ✧ PM/320
    • NŌ/ONO “beget, give birth to; be born, beget, give birth to; be born; [ᴱ√] become” ✧ PE17/169

Element in

Edain

bar

noun. man

Element in

  • Ed. halbar “chieftain” ✧ WJ/238

Rohirric

éored

noun. troop

Variations

  • Éored ✧ LotRI/Éored
Rohirric [LotRI/Éored; PE17/078; TII/éored; UTI/éored; WRI/éored] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

atan

noun. Man

Element in

vakse

noun. stain

Cognates

  • On. wasse “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
  • N. gwass “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶wahsē “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
    • ᴹ√WAƷ “stain, soil” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶wahsē > vakse[waxsē] > [waksē] > [wakse] > [vakse]✧ Ety/WAƷ

ména

noun. region

Derivations

  • ᴹ√MEN “go, proceed” ✧ Ety/MEN

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√MEN > ména[mēna]✧ Ety/MEN

ravanda

noun. wilderness

Cognates

veo

noun. man

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶wegō “man; warrior” ✧ Ety/WEG
    • ᴹ√WEG “(manly) vigour” ✧ Ety/ING; Ety/WEG

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶wegō > veo[wegō] > [weɣō] > [weo] > [veo]✧ Ety/WEG
Qenya [Ety/WEG; EtyAC/WEG] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Doriathrin

gwath

noun. shade

A noun glossed “shade” (shadow) derived from the root ᴹ√WATH (Ety/WATH). It is a clear example of how [[ilk|initial [w] became [gw]]] in Ilkorin, and it appears in several names: Thuringwethil “(Woman of) Secret Shadow” and Urthin Gwethion (unglossed but presumably “✱Mountains of Shadow”).

Cognates

  • N. gwath “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH

Derivations

  • ᴹ√WATH “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√WATH > gwath[watʰā] > [watʰa] > [waθa] > [gwaθa] > [gwaθ]✧ Ety/WATH
Doriathrin [Ety/WATH; EtyAC/WATH] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nass

noun. web

A Doriathrin noun for “web” (Ety/NAT). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. natse indicates a primitive form ✱✶natsē, where the [ts] became [ss] because [[ilk|medial voiceless stops became [s] before [s]]] in Ilkorin.

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. natse “web, net” ✧ Ety/NAT

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NAT “lace, weave, tie” ✧ Ety/NAT

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NAT > nass[natsē] > [natse] > [nasse] > [nass]✧ Ety/NAT
Doriathrin [Ety/NAT] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Ossriandric

beorn

noun. man

A noun for “man” that developed from the blending of primitive ᴹ✶besnō “man” and ᴹ✶berō “valiant man, warrior” > ber(n)ō (Ety/BER, BES). The simplest explanation is that ᴹ✶besnō > beznō > bernō, where first the [[dan|[s] voiced to [z] before the nasal [n]]] and then the resulting [[dan|[z] becoming [r]]]. The similarity of this word to ᴹ✶berō could have led it to develop into ber(n)ō as well. From there, the [[dan|[e] broke into the diphthong [eo] before the liquid [r]]] and then the final vowel vanished.

Cognates

  • Ilk. ber “valiant man, warrior” ✧ Ety/BER
  • ᴹQ. venno “husband” ✧ Ety/BES

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶berō “valiant man, warrior” ✧ Ety/BES
    • ᴹ√BER “valiant” ✧ Ety/BER; Ety/BES
  • ᴹ✶besnō “husband” ✧ Ety/BES
    • ᴹ√BES “wed” ✧ Ety/BER; Ety/BES

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶ber(n)ō > beorn[bernō] > [beornō] > [beorn]✧ Ety/BES
ᴹ✶besnō > beorn[besnō] > [beznō] > [bernō] > [beornō] > [beorn]✧ Ety/BES
Ossriandric [Ety/BER; Ety/BES] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

watha

noun. shade

Derivations

  • ᴹ√WATH “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH

Derivatives

  • N. gwath “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√WATH > watha[watʰa] > [waθa]✧ Ety/WATH
Old Noldorin [Ety/WATH] Group: Eldamo. Published by

wasse

noun. stain

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. vakse “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶wahsē “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
    • ᴹ√WAƷ “stain, soil” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Derivatives

  • N. gwass “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶wahsē > wasse[wahsē] > [wasse]✧ Ety/WAƷ
Old Noldorin [Ety/WAƷ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

wanūro

noun. kinsman

Changes

  • gwanūrowanūro ✧ Ety/TOR

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. onóro “kinsman; brother” ✧ Ety/NŌ; Ety/TOR

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶wanōrō “one of kin” ✧ Ety/TOR

Derivatives

  • N. gwanur “kinsman, kinswoman” ✧ Ety/NŌ; Ety/TOR

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶wa-nōrō > wanūro[wanōrō] > [wanūrō] > [wanūro]✧ Ety/TOR

Variations

  • wanúro ✧ EtyAC/NŌ; EtyAC/TOR
  • gwanūro ✧ EtyAC/TOR (gwanūro)
Old Noldorin [Ety/NŌ; Ety/TOR; EtyAC/NŌ; EtyAC/TOR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

benno

noun. man

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. venno “husband” ✧ Ety/BES

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶besnō “husband” ✧ Ety/BES
    • ᴹ√BES “wed” ✧ Ety/BER; Ety/BES

Derivatives

  • N. benn “man, male, †husband” ✧ Ety/BES

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶besnō > benno[besnō] > [besno] > [benno]✧ Ety/BES
Old Noldorin [Ety/BES] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

wath

root. shade

Changes

  • GWATHWATH ✧ EtyAC/MBAT(H)

Derivatives

  • Ilk. gwath “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH
  • ᴹ✶wath ✧ Ety/WAƷ
  • On. watha “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH
    • N. gwath “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH

Element in

  • N. Dolwethil “(Woman of) Secret Shadow” ✧ Ety/THUR
  • Ilk. Thuringwethil “(Woman of) Secret Shadow” ✧ Ety/THUR

Variations

  • GWATH ✧ EtyAC/MBAT(H) (GWATH)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/THUR; Ety/WAƷ; Ety/WATH; EtyAC/MBAT(H)] Group: Eldamo. Published by

wahsē

noun. stain

Derivations

  • ᴹ√WAƷ “stain, soil” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. vakse “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
  • On. wasse “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
    • N. gwass “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/WAƷ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

wegtē

noun. manhood

Derivations

  • ᴹ√WEG “(manly) vigour” ✧ Ety/WEG

Derivatives

  • N. gweith “manhood; man-power, troop of able bodied men, host, regiment” ✧ Ety/WEG

Variations

  • weg-tē ✧ Ety/WEG
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/WEG] Group: Eldamo. Published by

day

root. shadow

Changes

  • DAƷDAY ✧ EtyAC/DAY
  • DAGDAƷ ✧ EtyAC/DAY

Derivatives

  • Ilk. dair “shadow of trees” ✧ Ety/DAY
  • ᴹ✶daiō “shade, shadow cast by any object” ✧ Ety/DAY; EtyAC/DAY
    • ᴹQ. leo “shade, shadow cast by any object” ✧ Ety/DAY
    • N. dae “shadow (cast by an object or form), shade” ✧ EtyAC/DAY; EtyAC/DAY
  • ᴹQ. laime “shadow (cast by an object or form), shade” ✧ Ety/DAY; EtyAC/DAY
  • ᴹQ. laira “shady” ✧ Ety/DAY; EtyAC/DAY
  • N. dae “shadow (cast by an object or form), shade” ✧ Ety/DAY; EtyAC/DAY

Element in

  • N. Daedhelos “Shadow of Fear” ✧ Ety/DYEL
  • N. daedelu “canopy” ✧ Ety/TEL

Variations

  • DAƷ ✧ EtyAC/DAY (DAƷ)
  • DAG ✧ EtyAC/DAY (DAG)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/DAY; Ety/DYEL; Ety/TEL; EtyAC/DAY] Group: Eldamo. Published by

dēr

noun. man

Derivations

  • ᴹ√(N)DER “adult male, man; bridegroom” ✧ Ety/NDER; Ety/NĪ¹; PE18/035

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. nér “man, adult male” ✧ Ety/NĪ¹; PE21/69

Element in

Variations

  • der ✧ Ety/NDER
  • dér ✧ EtyAC/NDER
  • nēr ✧ PE18/035
  • der- ✧ PE21/55
  • dēr/dĕr- ✧ PE21/55
  • ndēr ✧ PE21/64
  • nĕrĕ ✧ PE21/69
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/NDER; Ety/NĪ¹; EtyAC/NDER; PE18/035; PE21/55; PE21/58; PE21/60; PE21/64; PE21/65; PE21/69] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

gwaith

noun. people

Element in

Elements

WordGloss
gweg“man, male of the Elda”

Variations

  • gwaith ✧ LT1A/Bronweg
  • gweith ✧ PE13/117
Gnomish [GL/44; LT1A/Bronweg; PE13/117] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gwaith

noun. semen

A noun appearing as G. gwaith⁽⁾ “semen” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/44), likely related to G. gweg “man”. It was followed by -th- in parenthesis, perhaps indicating this was its primitive ending, as opposed gwaith⁽⁾ “people” which was a plural form of G. gweg “man”.

Neo-Sindarin: In Tolkien’s later writings S. gwaith usually meant “people” and S. gwê meant “living creature” rather than “man”, so I would coin a neologism ᴺS. milt “semen” as a cognate of ᴺQ. miltë, inspired by ᴱQ. milt (QL/61).

Derivations

gweith

noun. people

gwaidhin

noun. web

A word for “web” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√gu̯iđ and related to G. gwidh- “weave” (GL/46). It had a deleted variant gwaith².

Changes

  • gwaith²gwaidhin ✧ GL/46

Derivations

  • ᴱ√GWIÐI “*plait, weave” ✧ GL/46

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√gu̯iđ > gwaidhin[gʷīðin] > [gʷaiðin]✧ GL/46
ᴱ√gu̯iđ > gwaith²[gʷīð] > [gʷaið] > [gʷaiθ]✧ GL/46

Variations

  • gwaith² ✧ GL/46 (gwaith²)

mortha

adjective. dim

A word for “dim” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjective form of G. morth “darkness” (GL/58).

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MORO “*black, dark” ✧ LT1A/Mornië
Gnomish [GL/58; LT1A/Mornië] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ged nôsa u

kinsman

Changes

  • ged nôsaged nôsu ✧ GL/38

Variations

  • ged nôsu ✧ GL/38
  • ged nôsa ✧ GL/38 (ged nôsa)
Gnomish [GL/38; GL/61] Group: Eldamo. Published by

man

masculine name. Man

Changes

  • ManwMan ✧ PE13/104

Cognates

  • Eq. Manwe ✧ GL/18; LT1A/Manwë; PE13/104

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MANA “*good (moral)”

Element in

Variations

  • Manw ✧ PE13/104 (Manw)
Gnomish [GL/18; GL/20; GL/43; GL/56; GL/68; LT1A/Manwë; PE13/104; PE15/26] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nosied

noun. kinsman

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “kinsman”, a combination of G. nôs “birthday” and G. ged “†kinsman” (GL/61), hence probably “kinsman by birth”. In one place it appeared in the form nosged, but this was deleted and replaced by nosied (GL/38).

Changes

  • nosgednosied ✧ GL/38

Elements

WordGloss
nôs“birthday; nature”
ged“kinsman†; friend, chum”

Variations

  • nosged ✧ GL/38 (nosged)
Gnomish [GL/38; GL/61] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Noldorin

gwaith

noun. people, men, folk

Element in

  • En. gwiaithos “a person, human (not specifically m. or f.)” ✧ PE13/124

Variations

  • gwiaith ✧ PE13/122; PE13/124
  • gwailt ✧ PE15/62 (gwailt)
Early Noldorin [PE13/122; PE13/124; PE13/146; PE13/162; PE15/62] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gweg

noun. man, male (being)

Cognates

  • Eq. vika “valiant” ✧ PE13/162
  • Et. vica “valiant” ✧ PE13/162

Derivations

  • ᴱ✶wikā ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162; PE13/162

Element in

Early Noldorin [PE13/122; PE13/124; PE13/146; PE13/162; PE15/62] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lhom

noun. shadow

Changes

  • lomlhom ✧ PE13/149

Variations

  • lom ✧ PE13/149 (lom)
Early Noldorin [PE13/149] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

rese

root. kinsman

Early Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

reðe

root. kinsman

The form reðe was a root added under ᴱ√RESE [REÞE] “aid, support” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives of ᴱ√RESE having to do with “kinship” reassigned to reðe, such as ᴱQ. renda “related, of the same kin or clan” and ᴱQ. resse “kinswoman, cousin” (QL/79). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien had a similar set of words likewise derived from distinct reth- vs. redh-, with the latter most likely being the basis for words like G. redhin “related” and G. ress “cousin (f.), relative” (GL/65). The root was given as RESE- “kinsman” in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/79), but the addition of reðe may be later than that document.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√RE(N)D to preserve these early kinship and cousin words, for which we have no later alternatives. It might be considered a variant of later root √RED “scatter, sow” (Ety/RED; PE19/91) and thus applied only to more distant kin.

Derivatives

  • Eq. renda “related, of the same kin or clan” ✧ QL/079
  • Eq. rendi “*kinship, kin, kindred, clan” ✧ QL/079
  • Eq. rendo “kinsman, cousin” ✧ QL/079
  • Eq. resse “kinswoman, cousin” ✧ QL/079
  • G. grendi “cousinship, family (in a wide sense)”
  • G. redhin “related” ✧ GL/65
  • G. ren(d) “cousin (m.), relative” ✧ GL/65
  • G. redhweg “cousin [m.]” ✧ GL/65
  • G. rest “kinship” ✧ GL/65
  • G. renni “family” ✧ GL/65
  • G. ress “cousin (f.), relative” ✧ GL/65
  • G. redhwin “cousin [f.]” ✧ GL/65
  • G. restu “out of land, abroad, away from home” ✧ GL/65

Element in

Variations

  • redh- ✧ GL/65
  • RESE ✧ PME/079
  • reðe ✧ QL/079
Early Primitive Elvish [GL/65; PME/079; QL/079] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

milt

noun. semen

A word appearing as ᴱQ. milt “semen” under the early root ᴱ√MILI which had various “seed” derivatives (QL/61).

Neo-Quenya: I’d adapt this word as ᴺQ. miltë (milti-) “semen” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, though its etymology in Tolkien’s later conceptions of the language isn’t clear (< ✱ᴺ√MILIT?).

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MILI “*seed” ✧ QL/061

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√MILI > milt[milt]✧ QL/061
Early Quenya [QL/061] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kangale

noun. web

A word for “web” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, based on the verb ᴱQ. kanga- “weave, spin” from the early root ᴱ√KANGA (QL/45), also appearing in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/45).

Early Quenya [PME/045; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

sinda

adjective. sinda