rimbë

crowd, host, great number

rimbë noun "crowd, host, great number" (RIM, SA:rim, Letters:282)

ríma

edge, hem, border

ríma noun "edge, hem, border" (RĪ)

cimba

noun. edge, brink

rainë

peace

rainë noun "peace" (VT44:34-35)

ringa

cold

ringa adj. "cold" (Markirya); the Etymologies gives ringë (RINGI), but it seems that ringa is to be preferred (cf. Ringarë below). Yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná "when winter comes, it is cold" (VT49:23). According to VT46:11, Tolkien originally used the form ringa in Etym as well; later he would restore it. - In early "Qenya", ringa is glossed "damp, cold, chilly" (LT1:265)

ringa

adjective. cold, cold, [ᴱQ.] chilly; damp

Cognates

• S. ring “cold, chill, cold, chill, [G.] cool”

Derivations

• ✶ringā
  • √RINGI “cold”

Element in

• Q. Ringarë “December, *Coldness”
• Q. ringa súmaryassë “in her cold bosom” ✧ MC/222
• Q. yá hríve menë, ringa ná “when winter comes/arrives/is with us, it is cold” ✧ VT49/23 (yá hríve tene, ringa ná)

ringë

cold

ringë adj. "cold", also ringa (which form is to be preferred; cf. Ringarë in LotR). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, ringë is also given as a noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)", but according to VT46:11 this noun should read ringwë. (RINGI)

ringwë

cold pool or lake (in mountains)

ringwë (1) noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)" (VT46:11). The misreading ringë appears in Etym as printed in LR, entry RINGI.

liyúmë

host

liyúmë noun "host" (VT48:32)

liyúmë

noun. host

Variations

• liyúme ✧ VT48/32

ailo

lake, pool

ailo noun "lake, pool" (LT2:339; Tolkien's later Quenya has ailin)

linya

pool

linya noun "pool" (LIN1)

niquë

noun. cold, cold; [ᴹQ.] snow

Derivations

• √NIK(W) “(also of) snow, ice, snow, ice; *white” ✧ PE17/168

Element in

• Q. taniquelassë “*high-white-leaf”
• Q. Taniquetil “High White Peak” ✧ PE17/168; PE17/168

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√NIK > nī̆que	[nikwe]	✧ PE17/168

Variations

• nī̆que ✧ PE17/168
• nique ✧ WJ/417

réna

edge, border, margin

réna noun "edge, border, margin" (REG)

sívë

peace

sívë (2) noun "peace" (VT44:35)

sívë

noun. peace

Derivations

• √SIB “rest, quiet” ✧ VT44/35

Element in

• Q. ar mi cemen rainë i hínin “and on earth peace, good will toward men” ✧ VT44/35

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√SIB > síve	[sībe] > [sīβe] > [sīve]	✧ VT44/35

Variations

• síve ✧ VT44/35

nótë

number

nótë noun "number" (NOT)

lenu-

stretch

lenu- vb. "stretch" (LT2:341)

lóna

pool, mere

lóna (1) noun "pool, mere" (VT42:10). Variant of lón, lónë above?

sanga

crowd, press, throng

sanga (þ) noun "crowd, press, throng" (STAG, SA:thang, LT2:342; pl. sangar (?) twice in Narqelion). In Sangahyando (þ) masc. name "Throng-cleaver", name of a man in Gondor _(SA:thang; a footnote in Letters:425 explains that "throng" here means a closely formed body of enemy soldiers. In the Etymologies, stems STAG, SYAD, _sangahyando is said to be a swordname, and LT2:342 likewise defines the word as a name of Turambar's sword: "cleaver of throngs, Throng-cleaver".)

Este

noun. Peace

Peace, name of wife of Lórien

lauta-

verb. abound

nendë

pool

nendë (1) noun "pool" (NEN), "lake" (PE17:52)

nendë

noun. lake, lake, [ᴹQ.] pool

A word for “lake” (PE17/52) or “pool” (Ety/NEN), derived from the root √NEN “water”.

Conceptual Development: This word appeared in both The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/NEN) and notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/37) with the same basic meaning and derivation.

Derivations

• √NEN “water, water, [ᴱ√] flow” ✧ PE17/052

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√NEN > nende	[nende]	✧ PE17/052

Variations

• nende ✧ PE17/052

yelwa

cold

yelwa (2) adj. "cold" (LT1:260 this "Qenya" word is apparently obsoleted by # 1 above. In LotR-style Quenya, the regular term for "cold" seems to be ringa.)

hríma

noun. edge, hem, border

Derivations

• ᴹ√SRI “*edge, border”

rim

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

rim

noun. crowd, host, great number

rim

great number

_ n. _great number. >> rimb

rim

a people of one kind or origin

_n. _a people of one kind or origin. >> gwaith, lî

rim

noun. host, great number, people (of one kind or origin), host, great number, people (of one kind or origin), [N.] crowd

Cognates

• Q. rimbë “host, great number, host, great number, [ᴹQ.] crowd” ✧ Let/382; PE17/050; SA/rim; UT/318

Derivations

• ᴹ√RIM “abound; large number”

Element in

• S. Galadhrim “Tree-people” ✧ PE17/050
• S. Mithrim “Sindar” ✧ SA/rim
• S. Naugrim “Dwarves” ✧ SA/rim
• S. -rim “collective or group plural”
• S. Rochirrim “Horse-lords” ✧ UT/318
• S. Rohirrim “Horse-lords” ✧ Let/382
• S. Thangorodrim “Mountains of Tyranny” ✧ SA/rim

Variations

• rīm ✧ Let/382
• rim(b) ✧ PE17/050 (rim(b))

-rim

suffix. collective or group plural

Cognates

• Q. rimbë “host, great number, host, great number, [ᴹQ.] crowd” ✧ Let/178

Element in

• S. Crissaegrim “*Cleft Mountain Peaks”
• S. Falathrim “Elves of the Falas, Wave-folk”
• S. Galadhrim “Tree-people”
• S. Gondolindrim “People of Gondolin”
• S. Gonnhirrim “Masters of Stone”
• S. Gwathuirim “Dunlendings”
• S. Halethrim “People of Haleth”
• S. Haradrim “Southrons, (lit.) People of the Harad” ✧ Let/178
• S. Iathrim “*People of the Fence”
• S. Mithrim “Sindar”
• S. Naugrim “Dwarves”
• ᴺS. othrim “army”
• S. Rochirrim “Horse-lords” ✧ Let/178
• S. Rohirrim “Horse-lords”
• S. Thangorodrim “Mountains of Tyranny”
• S. Thindrim “Sindar”

Elements

Word	Gloss
rim	“host, great number, people (of one kind or origin), host, great number, people (of one kind or origin), [N.] crowd”

Variations

• rim ✧ Let/178; UTI/Edhelrim

rimb

great number

_ n. _great number. >> rim

ring

adjective. cold

rîw

noun. edge, hem, border

cai

noun. hedge

cai

noun. hedge

Cognates

• Q. cëa “*hedge” ✧ PE17/101

Derivations

• √KAY “lie, lie, [ᴹ√] lie down; [ᴱ√] rest, dwell” ✧ PE17/101
• ✶kegyā “hedge” ✧ UT/282
  • ✶KEG “snag, barb” ✧ UT/282

Element in

• S. Morgai “Black Fence” ✧ PE17/101; UT/282

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KAYA > gai	[kaja] > [kaia] > [kai]	✧ PE17/101
✶kegyā > cai	[kegjā] > [kegja] > [keɣja] > [keɣia] > [keɣi] > [keiɣ] > [kei] > [kai]	✧ UT/282

lî

noun. a people of one kind or origin

_n. _a people of one kind or origin. >> gwaith, rim

lae

noun. great number

lîn

noun. pool

îdh

noun. peace

peace, tranquillity

ael

noun. lake, pool, mere

hoth

noun. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense)

-ath

suffix. collective or group plural

Derivations

• ✶-stā “collective suffix”
  • √SAT “space, place; divide, apportion, mark off”
• ✶atta “two” ✧ VT48/19
  • √ATATA “two, two; [ᴹ√] again, back” ✧ VT48/19

Element in

• S. Ann-thennath “*Long-shorts”
• S. Argonath “Pillars of the Kings, (lit.) Royal Stones” ✧ RC/347
• S. Ennorath “(All) the Middle-lands” ✧ PE17/025
• S. Hurinionath “Descendants of Húrin”
• S. Minhiriath “Between the Rivers”
• S. Remmirath “Netted Jewels”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶atta > -ath	[-atta] > [-attʰa] > [-aθθa] > [-aθθ] > [-aθ]	✧ VT48/19

Variations

• ath ✧ Let/427; PE17/025; PE17/025

lanc

noun. sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end (as a cliff-edge, or the clean edge of things made by hand or built)

ael

pool

1) ael (aelin-, pl. aelin) (lake, mere). In ”Noldorin” oel, pl. oelin. 2)

ael

pool

(aelin-, pl. aelin) (lake, mere). In ”Noldorin” oel, pl. oelin.

ael

lake

(aelin-, pl. aelin) (pool, mere). In ”Noldorin” oel, pl. oelin.

hoth

host

(noun) 1) hoth (i choth, o choth) (crowd, horde), pl. hyth (i chyth). 2) rim (great number, crowd), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”. 3) gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith). WOLF-HOST, see under WEREWOLF (concerning gaurhoth**).

hoth

host

(i choth, o choth) (crowd, horde), pl. hyth (i chyth).

loeg

noun. pool

loeg

pool

loeg (no distinct pl. form: loeg is also atttested with plural meaning) (VT45:29). 4) nên (water, lake, stream, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn.

loeg

noun. pool

loeg

pool

(no distinct pl. form: loeg is also atttested with plural meaning) (VT45:29). 4) nên (water, lake, stream, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn.

lô

noun. shallow lake, fenland

lô

shallow lake

(fenland), pl. lŷ.

nên

lake

(water, pool, stream, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn.

rim

host

(great number, crowd), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

rim

cold pool or lake

; no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”crowd, great number, host”.

rim

cold pool/lake

; no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”crowd, great number, host”.

rim

great number

(crowd, host), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

rim

crowd

(great number, host), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim). Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

rim

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

rim

cold pool/lake

rim; no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”crowd, great number, host”.

rim

cold pool or lake

rim; no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”crowd, great number, host”.

ring

cold

(adj.) ring (no distinct pl. form),

ring

cold

(no distinct pl. form)

rîw

edge

*rîw (construct riw) (hem, border), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

rîw

edge

(construct riw) (hem, border), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

sirion

great river

(i** hirion, o sirion), pl. siryn (i** siryn).

tirion

great watchtower

(i** dirion, o thirion), pl. tiryn (i** thiryn).

cai

hedge

cai (i gai, o chai), pl. cî (i chî);

cai

hedge

(i gai, o chai), pl. cî (i chî);

ovra

abound

ovra- (i ovra, in ovrar)

ovra

abound

(i ovra, in ovrar)

roval

great wing

(pinion, wing), pl. rovail (idh rovail); this is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” *rhoval* pl. *rhovel*.

taur

great wood

(i daur, o thaur) (forest), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”lofty, high, sublime, noble” etc.

lae

great number

lae (no distinct pl. form) (VT45:27), also rim (crowd, host), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

lae

great number

1) lae (no distinct pl. form) (VT45:27), 2) rim (crowd, host), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

lae

noun. great number

lae

great number

(no distinct pl. form) (VT45:27), also rim (crowd, host), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh** rim), coll. pl. rimmath**. Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

hoth

crowd

1) hoth (i choth, o choth) (host, horde), pl. hyth (i chyth), 2) ovras (heap), pl. evrais (archaic övrais), coll. pl. ovrassath, 3) rim (great number, host), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim). Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

hoth

crowd

(i choth, o choth) (host, horde), pl. hyth (i chyth)

lîn

pool

lîn (lake), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. #**liniath (isolated from Hithliniath**, WJ:194). 3)

lîn

pool

(lake), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. #*liniath*** (isolated from Hithliniath**, WJ:194). 3)

lîn

lake

1) lîn (pool), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. #liniath (isolated from Hithliniath, WJ:194). 2) ael (aelin-, pl. aelin) (pool, mere). In ”Noldorin” oel, pl. oelin. 3) nên (water, pool, stream, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn**. **

lîn

lake

(pool), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. #*liniath*** (isolated from Hithliniath**, WJ:194).

nedia

number

(verb) *nedia- (reckon, count) (i nedia, in nediar). Cited in archaic form ”noedia” = nödia- (LR:378 s.v. NOT).

nedia

number

(reckon, count) (i nedia, in nediar). Cited in archaic form ”noedia” = nödia- (LR:378 s.v. NOT).

ovras

crowd

(heap), pl. evrais (archaic övrais), coll. pl. ovrassath

ardhon

great province

(great region, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath.

aearon

great ocean

also Gaearon (i** ’Aearon), pl. Gaearyn (i** Ngaearyn = *i Ñaearyn). Also short form Gaeron (i** ‘Aeron), pl. Gaeryn (i** Ngaeryn = i Ñaeryn*). Coll. pl. Gaearonnath, Gaeronnath.

caraes

hedge of spikes

(i garaes, o charaes). No distinct pl. form except with article (i charaes).

gwaith

host

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith). –

gwanod

number

(noun) gwanod (i **wanod) (tale), pl. gwenyd (in gwenyd**),

gwanod

number

(i ’wanod) (tale), pl. gwenyd (in gwenyd)

noth

noun. number

Derivations

• √NOT “count, reckon”

sîdh

peace

sîdh (i hîdh), no distinct pl. form except with article (i sîdh) if there is any pl. form. 1) aeg (point, thorn). No distinct pl. form. (but aeglir can be used for a range of mountain peaks). Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". 2) mîn (i vîn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mîn), coll. pl. míniath. Note: homophones include the numeral ”one” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 3) egnas (sharp point; literally "thorn-point"), pl. egnais, coll. pl. egnassath.

sîdh

peace

(i hîdh), no distinct pl. form except with article (i sîdh) if there is any pl. form.

thamas

great hall

pl. themais, coll. pl. thamassath.

gaurhoth

werewolf

).

both

small pool

(i moth, construct both) (puddle), pl. byth (i mbyth). David Salo would lengthen the vowel and read ✱bôth in Sindarin.

daedhelos

great fear

daedhelos (i naedhelos, o ndaedhelos), pl. daedhelys (i ndaedhelys). Coll. pl. daedhelossath. A side-form ends in -oth instead of -os. The word appears in the mutated form "ndae<u>d</u>elos" in LotR Appendix F, but since the second element must be delos "abhorrence" and it would surely be lenited following a vowel, this would seem to be one of the cases where Tolkien wrote d even though dh would be technically correct. Another term for GREAT FEAR is goe (i **oe) (terror), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngoe** = i ñoe).

goe

great fear

goe (i **oe) (terror), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngoe** = i ñoe);

lanc

sharp edge

(sudden end, brink), pl. lainc, coll. pl. langath. Note: homophones mean ”naked” and also ”neck, throat”.

gond

great stone

(i ’ond, construct gon) (rock), pl. gynd (i ngynd = i ñynd), coll. pl. gonnath (Letters:410).

helch

bitterly cold

(lenited chelch; pl. hilch);

daedhelos

great fear/dread

(i** naedhelos, o ndaedhelos), pl. daedhelys (i** ndaedhelys). Coll. pl. daedhelossath. A side-form ends in -oth instead of -os. The word appears in the mutated form "ndaedelos" in LotR Appendix F, but since the second element must be delos "abhorrence" and it would surely be lenited following a vowel, this would seem to be one of the cases where Tolkien wrote d even though dh would be technically correct.

glana

noun. edge, rim

Changes

• glâna → glana ✧ VT42/08

Cognates

• Q. lane “hem” ✧ VT42/08

Derivations

• √(G)LAN “rim, edge, border, boundary” ✧ VT42/08

Variations

• glâna ✧ VT42/27 (glâna)

loeg

noun. pool

@@@ as suggested by Lokyt, possibly a plural form of unattested log, since it is glossed in the plural in the source material: “pools”

Derivations

• √LOG “wet (and soft), soaked, swampy”

Element in

• Nan. Loeg Ningloron “Gladden Fields, (lit.) Pools of the Golden Water-flowers”

ringi

root. cold

Tolkien used very similar forms for Elvish words for “cold” for all of his life. The earliest iteration of this root was unglossed ᴱ√RIŊI in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. rin (ring-) “dew” and ᴱQ. ringa “damp, cold, chilly” (QL/80). The root had similar derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. rî “coolness, cool” and G. ring “cool, cold” (GL/65). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root {ᴹ√RINGĀ >>} ᴹ√RINGI “cold” with derivatives like ᴹQ. ringe/N. rhing “cold” (Ety/RINGI; EtyAC/RINGI). Primitive forms ✶riñgi “chill” and ✶riñgā appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s (PE21/80), and Christopher Tolkien mentioned √ring as the basis for cold words in the Silmarillion Appendix (SA/ring).

Derivatives

• ✶ringā
  • Q. ringa “cold, cold, [ᴱQ.] chilly; damp”
• ✶ringi “chill”
• Q. Ringarë “December, *Coldness” ✧ SA/ring
• Q. Ringil ✧ SA/ring
• S. ring “cold, chill, cold, chill, [G.] cool” ✧ SA/ring

Variations

• ring ✧ SA/ring

(g)lan

root. rim, edge, border, boundary

A root appearing in Tolkien’s notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s, glossed “rim, edge, border, boundary” and with numerous derivatives of similar meaning (VT42/8). Tolkien coined this root to explain the river name S. Glanduin, which he translated as “Border-river” in this context. In these same notes (or perhaps other notes that were close contemporaries) Tolkien also said the Sindarin name of the Mering Stream in Rohan was S. Glanhír “Boundary Stream” (UT/318).

The Sindarin and Telerin derivatives of this root have an initial gl-, with the sole exception of S. lanc/T. lanca “sharp edge, sudden end”. According to Tolkien: “It is debated whether gl- was an initial group in Common Eldarin or was a Telerin-Sindarin innovation (much extended in Sindarin)”. For the purpose of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is probably best to assume the gl- is from Common Eldarin, to keep this root distinct from √LAN which in earlier writing was the basis for various words having to do with threads and weaving (PE17/60; Ety/LAN).

Derivatives

• Q. lanca “sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end” ✧ VT42/08
• Q. landa “boundary” ✧ VT42/08
• Q. lane “hem” ✧ VT42/08
• Q. lanwa “within bounds, limited, finite, (well-)defined” ✧ VT42/08
• Q. lanya- “to bound, enclose, separate from, mark the limit of” ✧ VT42/08
• S. glân “hem, border” ✧ VT42/08
• S. glan(n) “boundary” ✧ VT42/08
• S. gleina- “to bound, enclose, limit” ✧ VT42/08
• S. lanc “sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end” ✧ VT42/08
• T. glana “edge, rim” ✧ VT42/08
• T. glanda “a boundary” ✧ VT42/08
• T. glania- “to bound, limit” ✧ VT42/08
• T. glanna “bounded, limited” ✧ VT42/08
• T. lanca “sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end” ✧ VT42/08

kegyā

noun. hedge

Derivations

• ✶KEG “snag, barb” ✧ UT/282

Derivatives

• S. cai “hedge” ✧ UT/282

rip

root. *strip, stripe, rim

Derivatives

• ᴺQ. rimpë “stripe, strip”
• ᴺQ. ripta- “to cut in strips, tear up; to stripe, mark in parallel lines; to flay, flog”
• ᴺS. raeb “scored, striped”
• ᴺS. rib “stripe, line; shore; border, fringe”
• ᴺS. ribin “striped, edged”
• ᴺS. rimp “shred, slice, sliver”

-rim

suffix. group plural

Element in

• N. Crisaegrim
• N. Forodrim “Northmen”
• N. Gondothrim “People of Gondolin” ✧ Ety/GOND

Variations

• lim ✧ Ety/LI
• rim ✧ Ety/LI; PE21/57

rhim

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

rhim

noun. crowd, host, great number

rhim

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as N. rhim “cold pool or lake (in mountains)” derived from the root ᴹ√RINGI “cold” (Ety/RINGI). This word is the final element of N. Mithrim “✱Grey Lake” in The Etymologies, but in later writings Tolkien explained this name differently, deriving the name from the Elves that lived around the lake, so it may have been abandoned.

Neo-Sindarin: If adapted to Neo-Sindarin, this word would be ᴺS. rim. Since √RINGI “cold” survived in later writings, this word may still be viable, though it would conflict with S. rim “host, a great number”.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ringwe “cold pool or lake (in mountains)” ✧ Ety/RINGI

Derivations

• ᴹ√RINGI “cold” ✧ Ety/RINGI

Element in

• N. Mithrim “*Mist Lake” ✧ Ety/RINGI

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√RINGI > rhimb > rhim	[riŋgwi] > [riŋgwe] > [rimbe] > [rimb] > [r̥imb] > [r̥imb] > [r̥imm] > [r̥im]	✧ Ety/RINGI

Variations

• rhim ✧ Ety/RINGI

rhimb

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

rhimb

noun. crowd, host, great number

-lim

suffix. group plural, group plural, [G.] many

rhing

adjective. cold

rhing

adjective. cold

Changes

• rheng → rhing ✧ Ety/RINGI

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ringe “cold, cold, *chill” ✧ Ety/RINGI

Derivations

• On. ringe “cold” ✧ Ety/RINGI; EtyAC/RINGI
  • ᴹ√RINGI “cold” ✧ Ety/RINGI; EtyAC/RINGI

Element in

• N. Himring “Ever-cold”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. ringe > rhing	[riŋge] > [riŋg] > [r̥iŋg] > [r̥iŋ]	✧ Ety/RINGI
On. ringa > rheng	[riŋga] > [reŋga] > [reŋg] > [r̥eŋg] > [r̥eŋ]	✧ EtyAC/RINGI

Variations

• rheng ✧ EtyAC/RINGI (rheng)

rhîf

noun. edge, hem, border

lhae

noun. great number

lhae

noun. great number

Derivations

• ᴹ✶lai- “*many” ✧ EtyAC/LI

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶lai- > lhae	[laia] > [lai] > [l̥ai] > [l̥ae]	✧ EtyAC/LI

ovra-

verb. to abound

ovras

noun. crowd, heap.

lhîn

noun. pool

lhîn

noun. pool

Cognates

• ᴹQ. linya “pool” ✧ Ety/LIN¹

Derivations

• ᴹ√LIN “pool” ✧ Ety/KHIS; Ety/LIN¹

Element in

• N. Hithliniath “Pools of Mist” ✧ Ety/KHIS
• N. Orodlin

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LIN¹ > lhîn	[linje] > [linie] > [lini] > [lin] > [l̥in] > [l̥īn]	✧ Ety/LIN¹

sîdh

noun. peace

sîdh

noun. peace

Cognates

• ᴹQ. sére “rest, repose, peace” ✧ Ety/SED

Derivations

• ᴹ√SED “rest” ✧ Ety/SED

Element in

• ᴺS. sídheb “peaceful, full of peace”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√SED > sîdh	[sēde] > [sīde] > [sīðe] > [sīð]	✧ Ety/SED

liniath

noun. pools

helch

noun. bitter cold

oel

noun. lake, pool, mere

hoth

noun. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense)

-ath

suffix. collective or group plural

Cognates

• ᴹQ. -sta “close grouping” ✧ PE21/57

Derivations

• ᴹ✶-asta “collective plural” ✧ PE21/57; PE21/64

Element in

• N. siniath “news, tidings” ✧ Ety/SI

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶-atta > -ath	[-attā] > [-atta] > [-attʰa] > [-aθθa] > [-aθθ] > [-aθ]	✧ PE21/57

Variations

• ath ✧ PE21/57