ke

pronoun. you (familiar)

kelma

noun. channel

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “channel” derived from the root ᴹ√KEL “go, run (especially of water)” (Ety/KEL).

kemna

adjective. of earth, earthen

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “of earth, earthen” derived from the root ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” (Ety/KEM; EtyAC/KEM). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, Christopher Tolkien gave the form as kemina (LR/363), but in “Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies” Hostetter and Wynne clarified that the actual form was kemna (VT45/19).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. kereksa “of earthenware”, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. keres “earthware” under the early root ᴱ√KERE (QL/46). There was an sk written nearby indicating an alternate (or archaic) form kereska as suggested by the editors.

kemnaro

noun. potter

A word for “potter” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”, apparently an agental formation based on ᴹQ. kemna “of earth, earthen” (Ety/KEM). It was first written as ᴹQ. {kemenāro}, and there was a line drawn from kemnaro to forms ᴹQ. kentano and N. cennan in the margin, but both these marginal forms were deleted (EtyAC/KEM).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. keresto “potter” based on ᴱQ. keres “earthenware” under the early root ᴱ√KERE “turn” (QL/46).

kentano

noun. potter

A word for “potter” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√TAN “make, fashion” (Ety/TAN). The root ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” instead had ᴹQ. kemnaro “potter”, with a line drawn from it to the forms ᴹQ. kentano and N. cennan in the margin, but both these marginal forms were deleted (EtyAC/KEM).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I prefer ᴹQ. kemnaro “potter”, but if you wish to use kentano, you should update it to ᴺQ. centamo, since ᴹQ. tano > Q. tamo in Tolkien’s later writings; see those entries for details.

kelu-

verb. to (begin to) flow, spring forth (of water)

A verb in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 given as the main example of a u-verb, with glosses like “flow”, “begin to flow” and “spring forth (of water)” and derived from the root √KEL “flow” (PE22/97, 110, 114). It seems that originally the u-extension to this verb was simply to make the form more distinct: “In addition many bases of simple √TAL form made verbs of a different sort, employing a fixed vocalic suffix (ū, or ā̆) after the base: as √KEL: kelu ‘flow, well up’ (PE22/98)”. But the u-verb extension often had an inceptive sense (indicating the beginning of things), so that the sense of celu- shifted: “But is also outside tense associated with the notion of ‘begin to do something now (completed later)’ so in u-verbs: kelu, begin to flow (PE22/97)”.

Tolkien discussed this at length in the section of QVS on u-verbs:

> The sense-difference between these and normal verbs is not so clear, since an additional -u seems often to have been added as a mere formative: to increase the phonetic content of the stem, as liru- “sing (gaily)”; or to distinguish between bases of identical (or similar) form with different senses, as kelu- “spring forth (of water)”: √KEL, √KYEL, run away especially downwards or to an end, cf. kelya “(it) sends running down = it rains”.

But often as in case kelu- above this suffix marks the beginning (more or less sudden) of an action that may continue later, and was thus anciently and still in Quenya often conjoined with the prefix ete/et- “out”: so in the ancient ektelu- (< etkelu) “gush forth” (PE22/114).

As such, I think this verb primarily has the sense “flow forth or spring forth (of liquids)”, indicating either a sudden new flow or the beginning place of an ongoing flow, such as Anduinë celu i Míse Orontillon “Anduin flows forth from the Grey Mountains”. For a more ordinary continuous “flow”, I think the verbs sirya- or [ᴹQ.] sir- would be used. I also think the related verb [ᴹQ.] ehtelu- < ᴹ✶ektelu- originally had the sense “✱flow out of an entrance”, so generally from underground hence = “well or bubble up”; see that entry for discussion.

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. kelu- “flow” dates back all the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where it appeared under the early root ᴱ√KELE or ᴱ√KELU “flow, run; ooze, trickle” (QL/46), but there is no indication that it had an inceptive sense in the 1910s or 20s.

kelure

noun. fountain

A noun in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 glossed “fountain”, derived from the verb ᴹQ. kelu- “spring forth (of water)” and a suffix of general action: ᴹQ. -re (PE22/110).

Conceptual Development: A possible precursor is (archaic) ᴱQ. †kektele “fountain” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of the roots ᴱ√KEKE “bubble up” and ᴱ√KELE “flow” (QL/46), also mentioned in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/46).

keluste

noun. outflow

A noun for “outflow” appearing in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 as a combination of the verb kelu- “flow” and the “general action suffix” -ste (PE22/110).

Neo-Quenya: In Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) of the early 1950s, this suffix became -sta (PE22/137 and note #40), so I would adapt this noun as ᴺQ. celusta “outflow” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

kelut

noun. rivulet

A noun for “rivulet” in the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s (PE21/33, 35), clearly a derivative of ᴹ√KEL(U) “flow”.

kelulinde

noun. spring

A word for “spring” in the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s, a combination of ᴹQ. kelu- “flow” and ᴹQ. linde “pool” (PE21/10). ᴱQ. kelusindi “river (near its source)” = ᴱQ. kelu- + sindi from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s is similar in structure (QL/46).

kelume

noun. stream, flow

kemen

noun. soil, earth; Great Lands

kelya-

verb. to rain; (lit.) to send running down

ken-

verb. to see

kenya-

verb. to see

kesta-

verb. to ask

kenakithe

*you bite him (other)

kenyen antanet

you gave it to me

keny’antanet

you gave it to me

kermie

noun. July

ke·tuluva?

will you come, please?

laike

noun. acuteness, keenness of perception

á kela karit

do not make it!

laika

adjective. keen, sharp, acute

kakarra-

verb. to keep on doing, to keep on doing, *continue

A frequentative form of kar- “do, make” glossed “keep on doing”, appearing in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 using the frequentative patterns described in that document (PE22/100, 109).

Neo-Quenya: Tolkien used different patterns in his later writings: see the entry on the Quenya frequentative for details. However, I think the old patterns can coexist with the new ones, and I would retain this verb for purposes of Neo-Quenya. I think cacarra- can also mean “✱to continue”.

tamba-

verb. to knock, keep on knocking

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to knock, keep on knocking” under the root ᴹ√TAM “knock” (Ety/TAM). See the entry ᴹQ. ton- for other similar “knock, tap” verbs.

fafarra-

verb. *to keep on hunting

A frequentative form of ᴹQ. fara- appearing in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 (PE22/112), hence meaning something like “✱to keep on hunting”. It replaced an archaic form †papharra-.

tereva

adjective. fine, acute, fine, acute, *keen; [ᴱQ.] sharp, piercing, shrill [of sound]; acute (pain)

nenemma-

verb. to keep on (re-)appearing

ololla-

verb. *to keep on growing

ororia-

verb. to keep on rising (and falling)

A hypothetical frequentative or “repetitive” form of the derived verb orya- “rise” (PE22/115 note #88). The paragraph where it appeared was rejected after Tolkien decided that “Repetitives are not often made from this type of stem [derived verbs]” (PE22/115).

qeqetta-

verb. to repeat, keep on saying

sapsarra-

verb. to keep on rubbing, fray away

A frequentative form of ᴹQ. psar- “rub” in the Quenya Verbal System from 1948 (PE22/113).

tutulla-

verb. to keep on coming (and going)

tyatyamba-

verb. *to keep on tasting

ululla-

verb. to keep on pouring

A frequentative verb form appearing in Quenya Verb Structure (QVS) from 1948 (PE22/112).

erka-

verb. to prick

A verb for “to prick” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√EREK “thorn” (Ety/ERÉK).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. kenin “I prick” under the early root ᴱ√KENYE “prick” (QL/46), and Q. koli- “to prick” under ᴱ√KOLO (QL/47).

harya-

verb. to possess

kénima

adjective. visible, able to be seen

le

pronoun. you

mennai

conjunction. until

qe

conjunction. if

telpe

noun. silver

aina

pronoun. other

anta

noun. face

hún

noun. earth, earth, *ground

A word in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s with stem form hun- and gloss “earth” (QL/39). It might be a later iteration of ᴱQ. han “ground, earth” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/39), and if so then hún might also be used as “✱ground”. I think it is useful to assume so for purposes of Neo-Quenya, as the other attested word for “ground”, Q. talan, is probably used more often for “floor”, including floors above the ground level.

kainen

cardinal. ten

kanta

cardinal. four

kén

noun. soil, earth

le-tuluva?

will you come, please?

nelle

noun. brook, brook, *stream

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “brook” derived from primitive ᴹ✶nenle (Ety/NEN), where the ancient nl became ll (PE19/47).

orna

adjective. hasty

rista

noun. cut

A noun for “a cut” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” (Ety/RIS). It was also an element the name ᴹQ. Latimberista, Quenya equivalent of S. Imladris, in a page of rejected notes from 1948 (PE22/127). It might reappear in some later notes as well; see Q. rista- “to cut” for further discussion.

sinya

adjective. new, new, *current

sir-

verb. to flow

A verb for “flow” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√SIR of the same meaning (Ety/SIR). It may have appeared later in its present-tense form síra in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 as part of the sentence [ᴹQ.] númen Endorello isse sí Vaia síra “westward of Middle-earth where now Ocean flows” (PE22/126). However, it is possible that síra was intended to be present of the verb [ᴹQ.] sirya- “flow” from elsewhere in QVS; see that entry for discussion.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. siri- “flow” under the early root ᴱ√SIŘI [SIÐI] (QL/84). See also the later verb Q. sirya-.

siril

noun. rivulet

A noun for “rivulet” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√SIR “flow” (Ety/SIR).

síre

noun. river

tenna

preposition. until

tine

pronoun. that by you

A correlative combination appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/102), a pronominal form of ᴹQ. ti “that by you”.

tolta-

verb. to repeat

tyelpe

noun. silver

virya

adjective. fresh