Primitive elvish
low
root. flow freely (fully)
Derivatives
- ✶slowā ✧ PE17/137; VT48/28
- S. l(h)ô “flood, fenland, flood, fenland; [G.] pool, lake” ✧ PE17/137; VT48/28
- ✶slōno “Lhûn” ✧ PE17/136; PE17/137; VT48/27; VT48/28
- Q. lóna “(deep) pool, mere, river-feeding well” ✧ PE17/137; PE17/137; VT48/28; VT48/28
- S. l(h)ô “flood, fenland, flood, fenland; [G.] pool, lake” ✧ PE17/136; PE17/137; PE17/137; VT48/27; VT48/28
- S. Lhûn “Deep of Water” ✧ PE17/137; VT48/28
Variations
- (S)LOW̯ ✧ PE17/136 ((S)LOW̯); PE17/185
- SLOW ✧ PE17/137; PE17/185
- (S)LOW ✧ PE17/137
- LOWO ✧ PE17/137; PE17/161
- (s)low̯ ✧ VT48/27 ((s)low̯)
- slow ✧ VT48/28
- (s)low ✧ VT48/28
- low ✧ VT48/28 (low); VT48/28
- lowo ✧ VT48/28
lat
root. open, unenclosed, free to entry; low, lowlying, at ground level, open, unenclosed, free to entry, [ᴹ√] lie open; be extended, stretch, be situated (of an area); [√] low, lowlying, at ground level
Derivatives
- ᴺQ. lat “flap, small hinged door, lid”
- Q. láta “open (not closed)” ✧ PE17/159; VT41/05
- ᴺQ. latil “key”
- Q. latina “free (of movement), not encumbered with obstacles, free (of movement), not encumbered with obstacles, [ᴹQ.] open, cleared (of land)” ✧ PE17/159; VT41/05
- ᴺQ. latsë “area, space, room”
- ᴺQ. lattin “window”
- Q. latya “opening”
- Q. latya- “to open anything (so as to allow entry)” ✧ PE17/159; VT41/05
- S. lad “plain, valley, plain, valley; [G.] a level, a flat; fair dealing”
- ᴺS. lad- “to stretch, extend (in length)”
- ᴺS. ledia- “to open; unlock (transitive)”
- ᴺS. ledil “key”
Element in
Variations
- LAT ✧ PE17/159; PE17/159; PE17/171; VT48/24; VT48/30
- lat ✧ VT41/05; VT41/06
This root has a lengthy history in Tolkien’s development of the Elvish languages.
Its development seems to have begun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with unglossed ᴱ√LAHA which had derivatives like ᴱQ. lá “moor, heath, open space” and ᴱQ. lāta- “spread, extend, lie (of country)” (QL/50). This root was compared to a variety of other roots: ᴱ√ALA, ᴱ√AŘA, ᴱ√ṆŘṆ, ᴱ√LAŘA and ᴱ√LATA, but the last of these was a later addition, both to the list and as an entry in the lexicon (QL/51). This newer entry had derivatives like ᴱQ. latwa “smooth, glossy” and ᴱQ. latsin(a) “level, smooth”, the latter transferred from ᴱ√LAHA. This new root also had Gnomish derivatives such as G. lad “a level, a flat; fair dealing” and G. ladin “level, smooth; fair, equitable” (GL/52).
After the 1910s it seems ᴱ√LAHA “✱open” faded out of use (though it may have remerged much later as √LAƷ “cross, pass over, go beyond”: PE17/91), but ᴱ√LATA “✱level, smooth” reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√LAT “lie open” with derivatives like ᴹQ. latin(a) “open, free, cleared (of land)” and N. lhand “open space, level” (Ety/LAT). It is also evident in N. -lad “plain” from names like N. Lithlad “Plain of Ash” and N. Dagorlad “Battle Plain” from Lord of the Rings drafts (TI/208, 389), both of which reappeared in the published version (LotR/243, 636).
The root appeared again in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s with the gloss “be extended, stretch, be situated (of an area)” and a Quenya verb ᴹQ. lat- of similar meaning (PE22/126). In this document it was compared to ᴹ√LAD “lie flat, be flat”, and Tolkien said the two roots were confused in Noldorin as a way of explaining N. laden “flat (and wide)”.
The next appearance of √LAT is in etymological notes from 1959-60 with the gloss “open, unenclosed, free to entry” and contrasted with √PAK “shut” (VT41/5-6). In these notes the derivative Q. latina also reappeared with a meaning similar to the one it had in The Etymologies: “free (of movement), not encumbered with obstacles”. The last appearance of √LAT in currently published materials is in 1968 notes on D/L variations in Common Eldarin, where it was glossed “at ground level, low; lowlying” and compared to √DAT “fall down” (VT48/24); in this document it had no derivatives.
All this amounts to considerable conceptual variation in the meaning of this root. To summarize:
1910s ᴱ√LATA “✱level, smooth” as alternate to ᴱ√LAHA “✱open” (QL/50-51).
1930s ᴹ√LAT “lie open” compared to (unglossed) ᴹ√LAD (Ety/LAD, LAT).
1940s ᴹ√LAT “be extended, stretch, be situated (of an area)” contrasted with ᴹ√LAD “lie flat, be flat” (PE22/126).
1959-60 √LAT “open, unenclosed, free to entry” contrasted with √PAK “shut” (VT41/5-6).
1968 √LAT “at ground level, low; lowlying” contrasted with √DAT “fall down” (VT48/24).
Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is best to assume this root has the sense “(lie) open, be extended, unenclosed”, as this is consistent with the largest number of derivatives of the root.