siŋi

root. ‽

The root ᴱ√SIŊI appeared unglossed in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives ᴱQ. singe “salt” and (adjective) ᴱQ. singwa “salt” (QL/83). It had similar derivatives the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon: G. sing and singrin “salt”, noun and adjective (GL/67). I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√SIÑGI to salvage these early words.

Derivatives

• Eq. singe “salt” ✧ QL/083

Element in

• G. sing “salt”

sṣtyṣ

root. ‽

The unglossed root ᴱ√SṢT͡YṢ appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. sastya “sore, galled” and ᴱQ. sist (sisty-) “ulcer, sore” (QL/86). The latter word was also mentioned as siste in “ulcer, boil” as a derivative of ᴱ✶sṣtē (PE12/14), and the primitive form was given as sistyi, though Tolkien did say it was indicative of ancient syllabic ṣ (PE12/3). However, in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s it seems primitive ᴱ✶sṣt- = “✱hiss” (PE13/163); see the entry on ᴹ√SUS “hiss” for discussion.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√SISTI to salvage some of these early words.

Derivatives

• ᴱ✶sṣtē “ulcer, boil”
  • Eq. sist(e) “ulcer, sore, boil” ✧ PE12/014
• Eq. sastya “sore, galled” ✧ QL/086
• Eq. sist(e) “ulcer, sore, boil” ✧ QL/086

Variations

• sistyi- ✧ PE12/003
• SṢT͡YṢ ✧ QL/086

sē

root. ‽

Derivatives

• Eq. senda “like, something like, similar” ✧ QL/082
• Eq. sesta- “to liken, compare, make like, model on, assimilate, imitate” ✧ QL/082
• Eq. se “as, like, in manner of” ✧ QL/082
• Eq. seste “similarity” ✧ QL/082

Variations

• SENE² ✧ QL/082

oso

root. ‽

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. oksa “joint” and ᴱQ. oswe “hip” (QL/71). In Tolkien’s later writings “joint” words seem to be based on √LIM “link, join” as in Q. málimë/S. molif “wrist, (lit.) hand-link” (VT47/6), but ᴱQ. oswe “hip” may be salvaged as a derivative of ᴹ√OS “round, about” referring instead to a rotating joint rather than a link.

Derivatives

• Eq. oksa “joint” ✧ QL/071
• Eq. oswe “hip” ✧ QL/071

gwori

root. ‽

Changes

• WORI → GWORI ✧ QL/104

Derivatives

• Eq. wóre “sweet (to taste only)” ✧ QL/104
• G. gûri “sweet” ✧ QL/104

Variations

• WORI ✧ QL/104 (WORI)

pol-i

root. ‽

Derivatives

• Eq. pole “oats, grain (unground kernels of oats, wheat, etc.); flour” ✧ QL/075
• Eq. polu “kernel” ✧ QL/075

tum(b)u

root. ‽

Derivatives

• ᴹ✶tundu “hole”
  • ᴹQ. tundo “hole” ✧ PE21/08
• Eq. túma “moving”
• Eq. tum- “to dive”
• Eq. tumbe “trumpet, (large) horn” ✧ LT1A/Tombo
• Eq. tumbo “dale, vale” ✧ LT1A/Tombo; QL/095
• Eq. tumna “deep, profound, dark or hidden” ✧ LT1A/Tombo; QL/095
• ᴺQ. tumya- “to dip, baptize”
• Eq. tunda “hole”
• G. tumla- “to excavate, hollow out” ✧ LT1A/Tombo
• G. tûm “valley” ✧ LT1A/Tombo
• G. tum “hollow” ✧ LT1A/Tombo
• G. tumli “dale” ✧ LT1A/Tombo
• G. Udum

Variations

• TUMU ✧ LT1A/Tombo
• TUM(B)U² ✧ QL/095

bē Reconstructed

root. ‽

Derivatives

• Eq. pé “the two lips, the (closed) mouth” ✧ QL/072
• G. beg “chin”
• G. mem “mouth”

Variations

• PĒ ✧ QL/072

hama

root. ‽

Derivatives

• Eq. hant “down, to the ground” ✧ QL/039
• Eq. han “ground, earth” ✧ QL/039
• G. ham “ground, level of Earth’s service [surface]”
• G. hôm “ground, base, bottom, seabed”
• G. hum “(right) down, (lit.) to bottom”

Element in

• Eilk. Habbanan “*Low-country”
• G. Hambanan “*Low-country”

Variations

• HAM ✧ QL/039

nulu

root. ‽

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s marked by Tolkien with a “?” having a single derivative ᴱQ. NÛLE “lead” (QL/68). There are no signs of this root elsewhere in Tolkien’s later writing, and even in the early period he generally used ᴱQ. kanu for “metallic lead” (LT1/100; QL/44).

Derivatives

• Eq. núle “lead” ✧ QL/068

po

root. ‽

Derivatives

• Eq. póme “north” ✧ QL/074
• Eq. póya “[unglossed]” ✧ QL/074

Element in

• Eq. Ponóre “Norway” ✧ QL/074
• Eq. Ponórir “the Northlands, Scandanavia” ✧ QL/074

ru’u

root. ‽

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, probably actually ✱ᴱ√RUƷU, with derivatives like ᴱQ. rú “dwelling, village, hamlet”, ᴱQ. rue “rest, stillness, remaining, steadfastness”, and ᴱQ. ruin “peace” (QL/80). There were a number of likely-related words in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. rô “enduring, long suffering; quiet, gentle, docile”, G. rû “dwelling, house”, and G. rûtha- “dwell, remain”, though Tolkien seems to have rejected the Gnomish forms beginning with rô- (GL/66). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, but I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√RUH “✱still” to preserve some of these early words.

Derivatives

• Eq. rú “dwelling, village, hamlet” ✧ QL/080
• Eq. rú “steadfastness, faith, trustiness” ✧ QL/080
• Eq. rue “rest, stillness, remaining, steadfastness” ✧ QL/080
• Eq. ruin “peace” ✧ QL/080
• Eq. rungwa “stiff, solid” ✧ QL/080
• Eq. rúse “weary”
• Eq. rúya “unmoved, steadfast” ✧ QL/080
• G. rô- “to remain, stay, stand; to endure”
• G. rô “enduring, long suffering; quiet, gentle, docile”
• G. rôs “endurance, meekness, patience, gentleness”
• G. rû “dwelling, house”
• G. ruin “inhabited, tilled”
• G. rûs “endurance, long suffering, patience”
• G. rust “inhabitation; cultivation, tillage”
• G. rûtha- “to dwell, remain”

vḷkḷ

root. ‽

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. valkane “torture” and ᴱQ. vilkin “bitter, evil”, serving as the basis for ᴱQ. Valkarauke, the Qenya name of Balrogs (QL/100). In later writings the initial element of this name was derived from √BAL “(divine) power”.

Derivatives

• Eq. valke “edge, sharp blade” ✧ QL/101
• Eq. valka “cruel, bitter” ✧ QL/101
• Eq. vilki- “to cut” ✧ QL/101
• Eq. vilkin “bitter, evil” ✧ QL/101

lahta-

verb. ‽

Derivations

• ᴱ√LAHA “*open, extend” ✧ QL/050

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴱ√LAHA > lahta-	[laxta-]	✧ QL/050