ya

root. there, over there; (of time) back, ago

yag

root. yawn, gape

yatmā

noun. yatmā

yab

root. fruit

The first appearance of this root was as unglossed ᴱ√Ẏ̯AVA in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with a Gnomish form gav- and derivatives like ᴱQ. yausta “crop” and ᴱQ. yáva “fruit, produce” (QL/105). The Gnomish form appeared as the verb G. gav- “produce, yield, bear fruit” in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon along with other derivatives like G. gaust “corn, crop (espec. of cereal)” and G. gôf “fruit” (GL/38). In the Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien specified the primitive form as √ı̯aƀa and said “note not gı̯aƀ, for cp. Ivon < ı̯ǝƀánna, Q Yavanna” (GL/38).

The root appeared as ᴹ√YAB “fruit” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. yáve “fruit” and N. iau “corn” (Ety/YAB). Tolkien’s continued use of Q. yávë for “fruit” (VT43/31) and the names Q. Yavanna/S. Ivann “Fruit-giver” (S/27; LotR/1110) indicate the ongoing validity of this root.

yak

root. *neck

An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. yat/N. iaeth “neck” (Ety/YAK). It might also be the basis for later Sindarin S. iach “ford” as in S. Arossiach “Ford(s) of Aros” (S/121, WJ/338).

yal

root. to cry, cry, *call

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to cry” with variants ᴹ√YAM and ᴹ√YAL with derivatives like N. ialla- “to call” (EtyAC/YAL). It is likely a later iteration of unglossed ᴱ√Y̯AMA from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. yāma/G. gam “shout” and ᴱQ. yama-/G. gama- “shout, call” (QL/105; GL/37). It seems that ᴹ√YAM was unused in the 1930s and thereafter, but ᴹ√YAL is probably the basis for Q. yal- “summon” and its elaborations like Q. enyalië “memory, recalling” (UT/317).

yay

root. mock

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “mock” with derivatives like ᴹQ. yaiwe/N. iaew “mocking, scorn” (Ety/YAY). Primitive ᴱ✶peia “scorn” from Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s is a possible precursor; its primitive form is very different, but its Early Noldorin derivative ᴱN. hai is not that dissimilar (PE13/146).

yagwē

noun. ravine, cleft, gulf

yagō

noun. gulf

yakta-

noun. neck

yantā

noun. yoke

yar

root. blood

yat

root. join

yatta

preposition. across

-yā

suffix. causatives from verbs

yam

root. to cry, cry, [ᴱ√] *call, shout

yan

root. *holy

yat

adverb. away, back there; ago

(a)yan

root. *holy

yan

root. give

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “give” with derivatives ON. yanta- “give” and ᴹQ. Ariante “Day-bringer” (EtyAC/YAN²). Tolkien marked this entry with a “?”, and elsewhere in The Etymologies he derived ᴹQ. anta-/N. anna- “give” from ᴹ√ANA (Ety/ANA¹), so I suspect this root was a transient idea.

gas

root. yawn, gape

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “yawn, gape” with several derivatives such as ᴹQ. assa/N. gas “hole” and N. gaw “void” (Ety/GAS). The names based on this root like N. Belegast and ᴹQ. Ilmen-assa do not appear in later versions of the Legendarium, so the eventual fate of this root is uncertain, especially given that there are other roots of similar meaning like ᴹ√YAG “yawn, gape” (Ety/YAG) that do reappear later (Let/383; PE17/35, 42).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, derivatives of this root are among the best attested words for “hole”, so it’s probably best to retain ᴹ√GAS and its derivatives in Neo-Eldarin writing.

anga

root. iron

daʒ

root. great

ringi

root. cold

wān

noun. goose

yen

root. daughter

yāba

noun. fruit

patnā

adjective. wide

hō

noun. shout

khelek

root. ice

nyol

root. ring

ta

root. that

ungwē

noun. gloom

uñg

root. *gloom

vaianer

noun. sailor

yel

root. daughter

yend

noun. daughter

yābā-sūka

noun. fruit drink, cider

yē

preposition. at