ar

preposition. at; to, towards

ar

conjunction. and, too, besides

arwalin

place name. Arwalin

aros

place name. Aros

ar-

prefix. beside, along with, compared with

arc

adjective. fierce, harsh, ill tempered; awkward, difficult

arp

adjective. barren, dry, desert

adr

preposition/adverb. across, athwart

arch

adjective. fierce, harsh; awkward, difficult

arf

adjective. barren, dry, desert

arin(g)

noun. kiln

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s for “kiln” with forms arin or aring (GL/20), probably cognates of ᴱQ. arin “hearth” under the early root ᴱ√ARA “be dry” (QL/32).

arthaid-

verb. to join

A verb for “to join” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s formed with the prefixal form of G. artha- “approach” (GL/20). Its second element might be G. gada- “join, connect, unite” (GL/36).

archod

noun. difficulty

A noun form of G. arc “awkward, difficult” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/20).

arwad

noun. apple tree

A word for “apple tree” in Gnomish Lexicon Slips of the 1910s derived from ᴱ✶orbat-, appearing below and possibly replacing G. urf of the same meaning (PE13/116).

art

adverb. beside, along side of

arthi

adverb. also, as well, besides, too

archos

noun. savagery, evil temper

argulthion

adjective. equal, equivalent

armin

noun. desert, waste

arog

adjective. swift, rushing, torrential

artha

preposition. alongside (of)

artha-

verb. to approach

archuis

noun. evil temper

arn

noun. son

garlisgion

place name. Place of Reeds

gar thurion

place name. Secret Place

dara

adjective. lofty

garth

adjective. beloved

harog

noun. wolf

bardha

noun. realm

harw

noun. wolf

samin

adjective. arranged, settled, done

An adjective appearing as G. samin or sam “arranged, settled, done, etc.” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, based on the verb G. sam- “arrange, put together, adjust, settle, reconcile” (GL/67).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would update this to ᴺS. pannen “arranged, settled, done” based on the root √PAN of similar meaning.

feng

noun. arrow, war arrow

hothri

noun. army

morwinthi

proper name. Arcturus

pan

noun. arrangement, settlement; place, spot

pant

noun. arrangement, grouping; book

pilon

noun. arrow, dart

rantha

noun. arch, bridge

râ

noun. arm, strength

samri

noun. arrangement

cwinglios

noun. archery

cwingron

noun. archer

drauthiol

adjective. arduous, labourious

fengwathil

noun. arrow feathering

gaigin

noun. arms

gothwilm

noun. armistice

hothrim

noun. army

minethlos

place name. Argent Isle

sam

adjective. arranged, settled, done

len

adjective. come, arrived

An adjective appearing as G. len “come, arrived” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/53), likely based on the early root ᴱ√LEHE “come, be sent, approach” (QL/52). Tolkien said it was “used also with the forms im, on [emphatic pronouns], etc., as a perfect. ‘I have or am come’ as im len, um lenin, etc.”.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would instead use the perfective active participle ᴺS. túliel “having come, having arrived”.

panta-

verb. to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book

A verb appearing as G. panta- “set, put, place, arrange, settle” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√PANA (GL/63). Elsewhere on the same page Tolkien gave it the glosses “1) order, arrange, 2) write a book”.

Neo-Sindarin: Since the root √PAN still means “arrange” in Tolkien’s later writings, I would adapt this verb as ᴺS. panna- with the normal Sindarin sound change of nt to nn. I would assume its original meaning was “to arrange, order, settle”, by extension “to set, put, place”. I further assume panna- primarily means “put, place” when used of a single item: pannannen vaeas v’i mothol “I put dough in the oven”. It can mean either “arrange” or “put” for a group of items, depending on context: pannathon berf v’i bartham “I will arrange/put books in the library”, depending on whether or not the books are already in the library.

Based on the 1910s sense “write a book”, I would assume that this verb can also be used for arranging information into a narrative, poem, or song (“compose”), such as pannon narn oh Edhil “I arrange/compose a tale about Elves”. However, see partha- “arrange, compose” for a more precise word with this sense. When used to mean “put, place”, I assume panna- has the extra connotation of placing something in a deliberate and organized way rather than haphazardly. Saying panno i goll gîn v’i tham han “put your cloak in that room” would imply putting it in a proper place like on a hook rather than tossing it on the floor or bed.

In earlier versions of this lexicon, I recommended using a basic verb pan- for “arrange; put” based directly on the root √PAN, but that would often conflict with pen- “lack” in the present tense due to i-mutation; compare penim vast “we lack bread” vs. ✱✱penim vast “we put bread”. Unfortunately, panna- “arrange; put” does conflict with [N.] panna- “open” based on the root ᴹ√PAT, but I think the sense “open” can be disambiguated by judicious use of ed “out”; see the entry for N. panna- for discussion.

Hat-tip to Gilruin for suggestions and feedback for this entry.

sam-

verb. to arrange, put together, adjust, settle, reconcile

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “arrange, put together, adjust, settle, reconcile” (GL/67).

tug-

verb. to hit, reach mark; to light on, chance on, find; to arrive; to chance, occur; to suit, fit, be convenient, ‘do’

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with numerous glosses: “1) hit, reach mark; 2) light on, chance on, find; 3) arrive; 4) chance, occur; 5) suit, fit, be convenient”, the last with the looser sense “do” (GL/71). It is clearly based on the early root ᴱ√TUKU from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon with the derived verb ᴱQ. tuku- “go in search of, look for, fetch” (QL/95).

tunc

noun. chance; occurrence; arrival; hit at shooting; luck

A noun appearing as G. tunc in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with various meanings: “chance; occurrence; arrival; hit at shooting; luck” (GL/71). It was related to the verb G. tug- “to hit, reach mark; to light on, chance on, find; to arrive; to chance, occur” and thus was based on the early root ᴱ√TUKU having to do with searching and finding (QL/95).

Neo-Sindarin: The meaning of the root changed to ᴹ√TUK “draw, bring” in Tolkien’s later writings (Ety/TUK). However, I think ᴺS. tunc “chance, occurrence” might be salvaged as a derivation of ✱tu-n-k-ē “a thing brought” (derived from the root via nasal infixion or metathesis), which at some point gained the sense “a thing brought (unexpectedly)” and hence becoming “chance, occurrence”, divorced from its later verb form [N.] tog- “to bring”.

uivrin

adjective. barren

An adjective appearing as G. uivrin “barren” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed, the negated form of G. ivrin “fertile” (GL/46, 74). It had a variant form G. gwivrin “barren” where with the “ui- being replaced by analogy” (GL/46).

Neo-Sindarin: I would update this word to ᴺS. aliavren “barren” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, based on the updated word ᴺS. iavren “fertile”.

bractha-

verb. to refresh; to revive, arouse, awaken

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “refresh; revive, arouse, awaken”, a verb form of G. brag “fresh” (GL/23).

ilgiol

adjective. barren

A word for “barren” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of G. giol “fecund” with the negative prefix G. il- (GL/50).

lenthos

noun. coming, arrival

An noun appearing as G. lenthos or lendri “coming, approaching” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/53). The first is probably a noun form of lentha- “come towards speaker, approach, draw near”, and the second is probably an elaboration of len “come, arrive”. The form lenthos was first given as (deleted) lend.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would instead use the verbal nouns ᴺS. toled “coming, approaching”.

fing

adjective. narrow

gwivrin

adjective. barren

heb

preposition. round about, around

hoth

noun. folk, people, †army

cwibra-

verb. to arouse (tr.)

cwiptha-

verb. to arouse (tr.)

ictha-

verb. to egg on, excite, arouse, agitate

lendri

noun. coming, arrival

lenweg

noun. ‘arrival’, a stranger

lenwin

noun. ‘arrival’, a stranger (fem.)

melon

adjective. dear, beloved

meltha

adjective. dear, beloved

maudrimad

noun. breakfast

A noun appearing as G. maudrimad “breakfast” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of G. maudri “early morn before dawn” and G. mâd “meal” (GL/57).

Neo-Sindarin: I would update this word to ᴺS. amorvad “breakfast” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin using my preferred neologism ᴺS. amor for “morning”.

polodrin

adjective. mighty

A word appearing as G. polodrin “mighty” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjective form of G. polod “power, might, authority” (GL/64). It had an archaic variant {poldurin >>} †polurin or polorin which was sometimes used as a sobriquet for Tulcus.

Neo-Sindarin: Since ᴹ√POL(OD) still had to do with “strength” in Tolkien’s later writings, I’d adapt this word as ᴺS. polodhren “mighty, ✱powerful” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin using the later Sindarin adjective -ren. Given the meanings of its base noun (including authority), I’d assume this adjective has a connotation of political power. I’d constrast it with S. belaith which I’d use for “mighty” in general (independent of authority).

urc

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/75), likely related to ᴱQ. ulku “wolf” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon derived from the early root ᴱ√ULUKU (QL/97). In the Qenya Lexicon Tolkien gave the Gnomish form as ulug, but in the Gnomish Lexicon the gloss of G. ulug was changed {“wolf” >>} “dragon” (GL/74).

ôr

noun. dry sand

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “dry sand”, a cognate of ᴱQ. āra of similar meaning (GL/62; QL/32). The Gnomish form is due to the sound change whereby [[g|[ā] became [ō]]].

ûr

noun. smith

A noun for “smith” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, related to ᴱQ. uru “fire” and hence based on the early root ᴱ√URU (GL/75; QL/98). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document it became {awr >>} ŷr “smith” (PE13/115). See ᴱN. taglon for later “smith” words.

clochiol

adjective. stone

An adjective for “stone” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as an element in G. gôf·clochiol “stone-fruit” (GL/40), derived from G. cloch “a stone” (GL/26).

culwin

adjective. golden

A word appearing as culwin or culuin “golden” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of G. culu “gold” (GL/27).

fegrin

adjective. free

An Gnomish adjective for “free” mentioned in passing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√FAẎA (QL/37). It did not appear in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon.

gatha

?. [unglossed]

@@@ form does not appear elsewhere and similar forms are not relevant

hosta-

verb. to gather, collect

A verb appearing as G. hosta- “gather, collect” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/49) likely based on the early root ᴱ√HOSO or ᴱ√ΧOÞ (QL/41).

Conceptual Development: Q. hosta- meant “gather, collect” in Tolkien’s later writings based on the later root √KHOT(H), so I would retain ᴺS. hosta- “to gather, collect” as well, reconceived as a derivative of the later form of the root.

pui

noun. child

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “child” (GL/64), probably derived from the early root ᴱ√PU(HU) “generate” (QL/75).

gwandra

adjective. beautiful

hû

noun. dog

idril

feminine name. Beloved

dor athro

place name. Land Beyond

tagros

noun. smith

-(o)th

suffix. abstract noun

-os

suffix. abstract noun

-ri

suffix. abstract noun

brid-

verb. [unglossed]

graug

noun. demon

idhru

place name. the world

mora

adjective. good

na-

verb. to be

odrum

noun. hammer

raug

adjective. swift, rushing

tûr

noun. king

udathriol

adjective. countless

-eth

suffix. abstract noun

-ios

suffix. abstract noun

-ith

suffix. abstract noun

adrum

noun. hammer

am(b)ros(t)

noun. dawn

amrost

noun. dawn

annor(in)

adjective. lofty

annuir

adjective. lofty

aura

masculine name. Smith

aurost

noun. dawn

baldrin

adjective. mighty

beb

adverb. [unglossed]

bo(n)

noun. son

clidhron

noun. [unglossed]

climbol

noun. [unglossed]

closs

noun. shingle

A word for “shingle” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, related to G. clog or cloch “a stone” and thus probably with the sense “mass of pebbles” (shingle bank) rather than “roof tile” (GL/26).

cuilin

adjective. golden

cwenn

noun. Elf

danuin

masculine name. Day

dor lómin

place name. Land of Shadow

doros

noun. throne

dâ

adjective. high

dân

noun. day

dôn

?. [unglossed]

enn

noun. name

er

adjective. one

ermin

noun. desert, waste

erthi

adverb. also, as well, besides, too

feleg

adjective. equal

fî

noun. [unglossed]

glesta-

verb. to gather

gomaithri

noun. government

gond

noun. stone

gruim

adjective. fierce

grum

adjective. fierce

grôg

noun. demon

grûda

noun. cave

guira-

verb. to possess

gwanin

adjective. beautiful

haurost

noun. dawn

hermon

noun. lord

hetheglon

noun. daisy

le

preposition. and

mabol

adjective. skilful

malc

noun. lord

mandra

adjective. noble

mawr

adjective. good

nîr

noun. woman

odra

adverb. very

pad

noun. [unglossed]

praust

noun. [unglossed]

prog

noun. [unglossed]

rab-

verb. [unglossed]

rô

noun. [unglossed]

seth

adjective. dry

sind

noun. [unglossed]

sinthi

pronoun. [unglossed]

sui

noun. daughter

suib

adjective. dry

suil

noun. daughter

sâ

noun. fire

taglos

noun. smith

tagor

noun. smith

taura

adjective. powerful

thail

noun. [unglossed]

thas

pronoun. thy

thel

noun. [unglossed]

thelg

noun. [unglossed]

thil

noun. [unglossed]

thion

noun. [unglossed]

thrim

?. [unglossed]

thug

noun. [unglossed]

thû-

verb. [unglossed]

trum

?. [unglossed]

turinthi

noun. princess

turioth

noun. kingship

tîr

noun. king

túrin

masculine name. Lord

tûn

noun. [unglossed]

ulthanc

noun. [unglossed]

ulug

noun. wolf

umeg

?. [unglossed]

ûthi

noun. outside

ŷr

noun. smith

’ôs

noun. [unglossed]

to

proper name. To