Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Gnomish

gaig

noun. weapon, tool

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a weapon, tool”, whose plural gaigin was glossed “arms” (GL/37). It seems to be a blending of two ancient roots, since Tolkien said “cp. both Q naika, dagger, yaima, implement, which here in G. exerted mutual influence”. The relevant roots thus seem to be ᴱ√ŊAHYA “hurt, grieve” and ✱ᴱ√YAYA. Tolkien also indicated it was related to gai “possess” (GL/43).

Gnomish [GL/37; GL/43] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gais

noun. steel

A word appearing as G. gais “steel” in the Gnomish Lexicon where it was cognate to {yakse >>} ᴱQ. yaisa “steel” (GL/37).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I use ᴺQ. axë (axi-) “steel” based on words from the 1920s and derived from ✱gaksē via the Neo-Root ᴺ√GAK. In the phonology of the 1930s, this would produce ᴺS. gaes “steel”; compare to N. taes “nail” < ᴹ✶taksē. Based on this, I use gaes for “steel” in my version of Neo-Sindarin.

There is evidence that the phonological developments in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s were different, however, given S. ach “neck” < ✶aks (PE17/92). In this later phonology, the result would be ✱gach. Since I retain words like N. taes, I’m comfortable with words like gaes “steel” as dialectical variants. If you dislike this, you might instead use ᴺS. thornang “steel, (lit.) hard-iron” as a cognate to Q. tornanga “hard-iron”.

Gnomish [GL/37; GL/38; LT1A/Ilsaluntë] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gaiw

adjective. pregnant

An adjective appearing as G. {gaib >>} gaiw “pregnant” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/37), derived from primitive ᴱ✶gīwă with the Gnomish sound change of ī &gt; ai (GG/14).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word as ᴺS. gaew “pregnant” representing the Sindarin sound change of ai &gt; ae, derived from the Neo-Root ᴺ√GIW having to do with pregnancy. In Tolkien’s later conception of the languages, its primitive form would need to be ✱gaiwa, the result of a-fortification of the root: compare [N.] maew “gull” derived from the root ᴹ√MIW (Ety/MIW).

Gnomish [GL/37; GL/39] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gaibra-

verb. to impregnate

A verb appearing as G. gaibra- “to impregnate” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a verb form of G. gaib “pregnant” (GL/37), likely related to primitive ᴱ√giu̯i (GL/39). Elsewhere in this document there was another verb G. gwectha- based on G. gweg “man”, which meant “impregnate” when used with the allative and “generate” when used with the accusative.

Neo-Sindarin: I posit the existence of Neo-Root ᴺ√GIW to serve as the basis for pregnancy words, so I would adapt the above verbs as causative ᴺS. gýda- “to impregnate, make pregnant” < ✱giu̯-tā-, with iu &gt; ȳ as usual in Sindarin.

gaisin

adjective. of steel

A word appearing as G. gaisin “of steel” in the Gnomish Lexicon, an adjectival form of the noun G. gais “steel” (GL/37).

Neo-Sindarin: Since I adapt the Gnomish noun as ᴺS. gaes “steel” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would adapt the adjective as ᴺS. gaesen “of steel”.

gaithrin

adjective. like steel

A word appearing as G. gaithrin “like steel” in the Gnomish Lexicon, an adjectival form of the noun G. gais “steel” (GL/37).

Neo-Sindarin: Since I adapt the Gnomish noun as ᴺS. gaes “steel” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would adapt the adjective as ᴺS. gaethren “of steel”, with sr becoming thr.

gainu

proper name. Tormentor

Gnomish [GG/08; GL/18; GL/19; GL/37; LT1A/Angaino; PE13/110] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gail

noun. star

Gnomish [GL/37; LT1A/Tinwetári] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gailbridh(n)ir

feminine name. Queen of Stars

Gnomish [GL/24; GL/37; GL/71; LT1A/Tinwetári] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gaist

noun. torment, oppression

gaista-

verb. to oppress, cause great grief to

gaib

adjective. *pregnant

gaid

adverb. more

gaigin

noun. arms

gam(m)a-

noun/verb. gain, profit, interest (on moneys), increase; to be profitable, bring in revenue; to gain

A word appearing as G. {gamba- >>} gama- or gamma- in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, appearing twice with two different translations: “gain, profit, interest (on moneys), increase” and “to be profitable, bring in revenue; (tr.) to gain” (GL/37). The first set of glosses may be as a noun, despite the “-” at the end of the word form. These words may be related to the early root ᴱ√yṇt from which the adverb G. gantha “more” was derived.

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this as a verb ᴺS. ganna- “gain; be profitable, bring in revenue” based on the Neo-Root ᴺ√GYANTA having to do with increase.

gôtha-

verb. to possess, have, hold

Gnomish [GL/42; GL/43] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ain

noun. god

Gnomish [GL/18; LT1A/Ainur; PE13/103; PE15/20; PE15/27] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gil-

verb. to gleam, shine pale and silver (as of the moon)

Gnomish [GL/38; LT1A/Ingil] Group: Eldamo. Published by

guira-

verb. to possess

crog

noun. hook

dairion

adjective. merry

dairwen

noun. mirth

Gnomish [GL/29; LT2A/Mar Vanwa Tyaliéva; PE13/112] Group: Eldamo. Published by

fofrin

adjective. foolish

Gnomish [GG/09; GL/35] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gantha

adverb. more

gaul

noun. light

gima-

verb. to hear

Gnomish [GL/38; LT2A/Gimli] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glarw(ed)

adjective. bright, light

Gnomish [GL/39; PE13/114] Group: Eldamo. Published by

grûd

noun. cavern

Gnomish [GL/42; GL/66] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rodos

noun. cavern

A noun for “cavern” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√roto (GL/65). In early editions of the Gnomish Lexicon as published, the form was incorrectly given as rodrin, but errata confirmed that word actually meant “cylindrical” and the word for “cavern” was properly rodos (PEE for issue 11), as reported by Christopher Tolkien (LTA2/Rothwarin).

Gnomish [LT2A/Rothwarin; PEE/11] Group: Eldamo. Published by

saroth

noun. sea

timbridhil

feminine name. Queen of Stars

Precursor to S. Elbereth from the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, a combination of tim “star” and Bridhil “queen” (GL/24, 70). In this period, only its Qenya equivalent ᴱQ. Tinwetári was used in the narratives. The name did appear in the earliest Silmarillion drafts of the late 1920s (SM/82), and a variant of this name, N. Timbredhil, appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/TIN), but starting with the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, Tolkien consistently used Elbereth instead.

Gnomish [GL/18; GL/24; GL/71; LT1A/Tinwetári; PE14/014] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tinthurwin

feminine name. Queen of Stars

Gnomish [GL/24; GL/71; LT1A/Tinwetári] Group: Eldamo. Published by