har-

sit, stay

har- vb. "sit, stay", pl. present hárar in CO (i hárar "those who sit, those who are sitting"). Imperative hara in the phrase (hara) máriessë "(stay) in happiness" (PE17:162). According to VT45:20, har- "sit" is derived from a stem KHAD which Tolkien abandoned in the Etymologies, but since CO is later than Etym, he may seem to have restored KHAD. If so, the past tense of har- would be *handë.

har-

verb. dwell, abide, reside permanently

har-

verb. to sit, stay, to sit, stay, [ᴱQ.] remain; [ᴹQ.] to dwell, abide, reside

Derivations

• √KHAD “sit”

Element in

• ᴺQ. epeharmo “president”
• Q. (hara) máriessë “(stay) in happiness” ✧ PE17/162
• Q. nai tiruvantes i hárar mahalmassen mi Númen “in the keeping of those who sit upon thrones of the West” ✧ UT/305

ham-

sit

ham- (1) vb. "sit" (KHAM)

tar-

verb. to stand

Cognates

• ᴺS. tar- “to stand”

Derivations

• √TAR “stand”

Element in

• Q. astarindo “bystander; supporter”
• Q. astarmo “bystander; witness”
• ᴺQ. nantar- “to stand back”
• ᴺQ. öatarië “apostasy, (lit.) away-standing”
• Q. sanomë tarnë Olórin, Aracorno, Eomer, Imrahil, mi mísë, mi telepta yo morna, mi laiqua yo ninquë, mi luinë, ta Gimli mi lossëa “There stood Gandalf, Aragorn, Eomer and Imrahil in grey, in silver and black, in green and white, and in blue, and also Gimli in white” ✧ PE17/071

hamma

chair

hamma noun "chair" (VT45:20)

handa

chair

[?handa] (2) noun "chair"; the reading is uncertain and the word was in any case deleted (VT45:20). In the Etymologies, Tolkien likewise abandoned the root KHAD from which this word was derived, but he may seem to have restored this root later (see har-).

Harmen

south

[Harmen] noun "south" (MEN)(Changed to hyarmen.)

hyarmen

south

hyarmen, Hyarmen noun "south" (SA, SA:men, KHYAR), literally "lefthand-direction" (VT49:12), since the Elves named the directions as they were to a person facing the Blessed Realm in the West Also name of tengwa #33 (Appendix E). In Hyarmendacil masc.name, "South-victor" (Appendix A), apparently also in the place-name Hyarmentir (name of a mountain; the element -tir means *"watch[ing point]".) (SA) Hyarnustar "the Southwestlands" of Númenor; Hyarrostar the "Southeastlands" (UT:165)

handë

knowledge, understanding, intelligence

handë noun "knowledge, understanding, intelligence" (KHAN). Note: *handë is (probably) also the past tense of the verb har- "sit".

Hyarastorni

south

Hyarastorni place-name, region in Númenor, apparently including hyar- "south" and perhaps orni "trees" (UT:210)

istare

noun. knowledge

ista

knowledge

ista (1) noun "knowledge" (IS). Also istya.

istya

knowledge

istya noun "knowledge" (IS). Also ista (#1).

issë

knowledge, lore

issë noun "knowledge, lore" (LT2:339; rather ista or istya in Tolkien's later Quenya)

Nolmë

knowledge, philosophy (including science)

Nolmë ("ñ")noun "knowledge, Philosophy (including Science)" (PM:360 cf. 344)

tyul-

verb. to stand

Derivations

• ᴹ√TYUL “stand up (straight), stand up (straight); [ᴱ√] tall”

har-

prefix. left-hand

_pref. _left-hand, south. Q. hyar-. >> harn

harn

adjective. south, southern

Cognates

• Q. hyarmen “south, (lit.) left-hand direction” ✧ SA/hyarmen; SA/hyarmen
• Q. hyar- “left-hand, south” ✧ PE17/018
• Q. hyarna “southern” ✧ PE17/018

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHYAR “left hand”

Element in

• S. Hallonnas “South-harbourage”
• S. harad “south” ✧ PE17/018
• S. Harathrad “South Ford”
• ᴺS. Harchalad “aurora, (lit.) southern radiance”
• S. Harfalas “South Falas”
• S. Harlindon “Lindon south of the Gulf of Lune”
• S. Harlond “South Haven”
• S. Harnen “*South Water”
• S. Harondor “Southern Gondor”
• S. Taur-na-Chardhîn “Forest of Southern Silence” ✧ WJI/Taur-na-Chardhîn

harad

noun. south

harad

adjective. south

_adj. _south, southern. Q. hyarmen, hyarna. >> har-

harad

noun. south

Cognates

• Q. hyarmen “south, (lit.) left-hand direction” ✧ LotR/1115; LotR/1123; PE17/018; PE17/088; SA/hyarmen; PE17/018

Element in

• S. Harad “The South”
• S. Haradrim “Southrons, (lit.) People of the Harad”
• S. Haradwaith “South-folk, the Harad”

Variations

• Harad ✧ LotR/1115

gûl

noun. knowledge

n. knowledge, deep knowledge not 'occult' in modern sense, but applied to the deper knowledge of the 'wise' or skilled persons, not kept secret (as [?among the] Elves) but not attainable by all. Q. ñōle, B.S. gûl phantom, shadow of dark magic, necromancer, slave, servant?. The B.S. word gûl was prob. derived from ngōl-.

ist

knowledge

ist (lore); no distinct pl. form.

ist

knowledge

(lore); no distinct pl. form.

tar-

verb. to stand

Cognates

• Q. tar- “to stand”

Derivations

• √TAR “stand”

hadh-

verb. to sit

Derivations

• √KHAD “sit”

Element in

• ᴺS. hannen “seated”

ham

chair

ham (i cham, o cham), pl. haim (in chaim), coll. pl. hammath coinciding with the coll. pl. of hamp ”garment”. Also hanu (i chanu), analogical pl. heny (i cheny), coll. pl. likely hanwath since the archaic form was hanw (VT45:20)

ham

chair

(i cham, o cham), pl. haim (in chaim), coll. pl. hammath coinciding with the coll. pl. of hamp ”garment”. Also hanu (i chanu), analogical pl. heny (i cheny), coll. pl. likely hanwath since the archaic form was hanw (VT45:20)

harad

south

1) (”the South” as an area) Harad (i Charad, o Charad, 2) hâr (i châr, o châr, construct har) (also = ”left”). 3) The word Harven (i Charven, o Charven) may refer primarily to ”south” as a direction; the final element -ven means ”way”. (VT45:23). Adj.

harad

south

(i Charad, o Charad

hâr

south

(i châr, o châr, construct har) (also = ”left”).

harven

south

(i Charven, o Charven) may refer primarily to ”south” as a direction; the final element -ven means ”way”. (VT45:23). Adj.

hav

sit

hav- (i châf, i chevir), pa.t. hamp (with endings hemmi-, as in hemmin ”I sat”) or havant. (VT45:20)

hav

sit

(i châf, i chevir), pa.t. hamp (with endings hemmi-, as in hemmin ”

haradren

south, southern

(lenited charadren; pl. heredrin), also harn (lenited charn, pl. hern). Note: a homophone of the latter means ”wounded”, and as noun harn also means ”helmet” (so haradren may be preferred for clarity).

haradren

south, southern

haradren (lenited charadren; pl. heredrin), also harn (lenited charn, pl. hern). Note: a homophone of the latter means ”wounded”, and as noun harn also means ”helmet” (so haradren may be preferred for clarity).

haradrim

southerners, southrons

(a coll. pl., ”people of the south”)

caeda-

verb. sit

dortha

dwell

dortha- (i northa, i ndorthar) (stay)

dortha

dwell

(i northa, i ndorthar) (stay)

ista

have knowledge

(i ista, in istar), pa.t. sint or istas (VT45:18).

þarma

noun. left-hand

Cognates

• S. harvo “left hand, left side” ✧ VT47/06

mbar-

verb. to dwell

Derivations

• √MBAR “settle, dwell; establish, fix, decide, determine, make a decision, settle; establish, fix, decide, determine, make a decision; dwell, [ᴹ√] inhabit, [ᴱ√] live” ✧ PE22/131

Derivatives

• Q. mar- “to abide, be settled or fixed, to abide, be settled or fixed, [ᴱQ.] dwell, live”

khad

root. sit

The roots √KHAD and √KHAM were in competition for words having to do with “sit” and “seat” for a significant portion of Tolkien’s life. Both roots have antecedants in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, but in that early document the root for “sit” was given as ᴱ√ÐORO or ᴱ√SORO (QL/85), replacing rejected ᴱ√SOŘO [ᴱ√SOÐO] and ᴱ√SODO (QL/85). Of these, the true form was clearly ᴱ√ÐORO given Gnomish derivative G. dorn “seat”, G. doros “throne”, G. dortha- “settle” (GL/30). This root seems to have been abandoned in Tolkien’s later writing, though N. dortha- “dwell, stay” was reassigned to ᴹ√NDOR in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/NDOR).

As for √KHAD and √KHAM, their clearest antecedents in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s were ᴱ√HAÐA “cleave, remain” and ᴱ√HAM (QL/39), the latter without gloss but with derivatives having to do with the ground such as ᴱQ. hamba “on the ground” and G. ham “ground” (QL/39; GL/48). Some variant of ᴱ√HAÐA seems to have drifted in the direction of “sit” based on ᴱN. haud “seat” from Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/147, 155).

Tolkien initially used the root ᴹ√KHAD for words having to do with “sit” and “seat” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/KHAM), but it was replaced by ᴹ√KHAM “sit” (Ety/KHAM) and this root seems to have survived for some time, since ᴹ√KHAM “sit down” appeared in the Quenya Verbal System from 1948 (PE22/103). However, at some point Tolkien added a new root ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon, name by name” to The Etymologies, and in this new entry he said “KHAM sit (replacing KHAD, cancelled)” indicating ᴹ√KHAD was restored (EtyAC/KHAM²). This seems to represent an ongoing vacillation between √KHAD and √KHAM in the 1930s and 40s.

However, √KHAD “sit” appeared in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa written around 1950 (PE18/95), Q. hárar “sit” (not ✱✱hámar) appears in Cirion’s Oath (UT/305), and in late notes on verbs from 1969 Tolkien had ✶khadmā “seat” as the basis for Q. hanw̃a S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √KHAM “sit” in this period, so it seems Tolkien chose √KHAD for “sit” in the 1950s and 60s.

Neo-Eldarin: I think √KHAD “sit” is the best choice for Neo-Eldarin, since it also lets us use ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon, name by name” more freely.

Derivatives

• ✶khadmā “seat”
  • Q. hanwa “seat, seat, *chair” ✧ PE22/148
  • S. hadhu “seat, seat, *chair” ✧ PE22/148
  • S. hadhwa- “to seat” ✧ PE22/148
• ✶khādo
  • Q. háro “[unglossed]” ✧ PE22/148
• ✶khazd- ✧ PE18/095
• Q. har- “to sit, stay, to sit, stay, [ᴱQ.] remain; [ᴹQ.] to dwell, abide, reside”
• ᴺQ. haru- “to sit down, take a seat”
• ᴺS. hadh- “to sit”
• S. hadhwa- “to seat”

har-

verb. to stand

Element in

• N. har na ond i mid “stand by the grey stone” ✧ AotH/056

haf-

verb. to sit

haf-

verb. to sit

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ham- “to sit (down), be situated in” ✧ Ety/KHAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAM “sit (down)” ✧ Ety/KHAM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHAM > haf-	[kʰam-] > [xam-] > [ham-] > [hav-]	✧ Ety/KHAM

hadh-

verb. sit

Changes

• hað- → haf- “sit” ✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAD ✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHAD > hað-	[kʰad-] > [xad-] > [xað-] > [hað-]	✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Variations

• hað- ✧ EtyAC/KHAM (hað-)

harad

noun. south

harad

noun. south

Changes

• haran → harad ✧ Ety/KHYAR

Cognates

• ᴹQ. hyarmen “south, left hand” ✧ Ety/KHYAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHYAR “left hand” ✧ Ety/KHYAR

Element in

• N. Harad “The South”
• N. haradren “southern” ✧ Ety/KHYAR
• N. Haradhoth “People of Harad”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHYAR > harad	[kʰjarata] > [kʰarata] > [xarata] > [xarat] > [xarad] > [harad]	✧ Ety/KHYAR

Variations

• haran ✧ EtyAC/KHYAR (haran)

ham

noun. (?) chair

dortha-

verb. to dwell, stay

ista-

verb. to have knowledge