PQ. thither
Quenya
tar
beyond
tar
adverb. thither
tar
thither
tar (1) adv. or technically pron. with old allative ending: "thither" (TA). This is ta #1 with the same allative ending -r (from primitive -da) as in mir "into". Compare tanna. According to VT49:11, tar may also appear in the logner form tara.
tar
noun. honorific, sir, madam
Derivations
- √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”
Element in
- Q. carilye tar “you do, sir” ✧ PE17/058
- Q. ciryalya tar “your ship, sir” ✧ PE17/058
-tar
king
-tar or tar-, element meaning "king" or "queen" in compounds and names (TĀ/TA3), e.g. Valatar; compare the independent nouns tár, tári. Prefix Tar- especially in the names of the Kings and Queens of Númenor (e.g. Tar-Amandil); see their individual names (like Amandil in this case), cf. also Tar-Mairon "King Excellent", title used by Sauron (PE17:183). Also in Tareldar "High-elves"; see also Tarmenel.
-tar
suffix. honorific
Derivations
- √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”
Variations
- -ntar(i) ✧ PE17/057
- -star ✧ PE17/057
- -ltar ✧ PE17/057; PE17/057
- -ltar(i) ✧ PE17/057
- -iltar(o) ✧ PE17/057
- -lyatar ✧ PE17/057
- -ldatar ✧ PE17/057
- -illatar ✧ PE17/057
- -taro ✧ PE17/132
- -tarion ✧ PE17/132
tar-
affix. high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)
Cognates
- S. -dor “*king, lord”
Derivations
- √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”
Element in
- Q. Alatar
- Q. Annatar “Lord of Gifts” ✧ SA/tar
- Q. Arantar “*High King”
- Q. Tar Calimos “*Royal Bright City”
- Q. Hyarantar “?Southern Height”
- Q. Sorontar “King of Eagles”
- Q. Taniquetil “High White Peak”
- Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ SA/tar
- Q. Tarannon
- Q. Tarcil “High Man, Númenórean”
- Q. Tarciryan
- Q. Tareldar “High-elves”
- Q. tarhanwa “throne, (lit.) high seat” ✧ PE22/148
- Q. tári “queen, queen, [ᴱQ.] mistress, lady” ✧ SA/tar
- Q. Tarindor “*High minded one”
- Q. tarma “pillar” ✧ SA/tar
- Q. Tarmenel “High Heaven”
- Q. tarminas “great towering building (fort/city/castle), tower”
- ᴺQ. tarolwen “sceptre, (lit.) royal branch”
- Q. Tarondor “?King of Stones”
- Q. Tarostar “?King of the Lands”
- Q. Tarquesta “High Speech, High Language”
- Q. Tarumbar “King of the World”
- S. Tarmund “Noble Bull”
Variations
- tar- ✧ PE22/148; SA/tar
tar-
stand
#tar- (3) vb. "stand", attested in the past tense: tarnë (PE17:71)
tara
thither
tara adv. "thither"; see tar #1.
tár
king
tár noun "king" (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes); the pl. tári "kings" must not be confused with the sg. tári "queen" (TĀ/TA3). Prefix tar-, compare -tar above. The normal Quenya word for "king" is aran, but compare Tarumbar.
ta
that, it
ta (1) pron. "that, it" (TA); compare antaróta** "he gave it" (FS); see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna "thither", talo/tó "thence" and tás/tassë* "there" are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: "to that", "from that" and "in that" (place), respectively. Compare "there" as one gloss of ta (see #4).
ta
they, them
ta (3) pron. "they, them", an "impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only to 'abstracts' or to things (such as inanimates) not by the Eldar regarded as persons" (VT43:20, cf. ta as an inanimate Common Eldarin plural pronoun, VT49:52). Compare te, q.v. The word ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of ta as an "impersonal" plural pronoun: emmë avatyarir ta** "we forgive them" (VT43:8, 9; this refers to trespasses, not the trespassers). However, since Tolkien also wanted ta to mean "that" (see #1 above), he may seem to be somewhat dissatisfied with ta "they, them", introducing variant forms like tai (VT49:32) to free up ta as a sg. pronoun. In one document, tai was in turn altered to te (VT49:33), which could suggest that the distinction between animate and inanimate "they, them" was abandoned and the form te (q.v.) could be used for both. In some documents, Tolkien seems to use tar as the plural form (VT49:56 mentions this as an uncertain reading in a source where the word was struck out; compare ótar under ó**-).
taran
king
taran (1) noun "king", possibly ephemeral variant of aran, q.v. (PE17:186)
tavar
wood
tavar (1) noun "wood" (TÁWAR)
tai
they, them
tai (2) pron. "they, them", 3rd person pl., used with reference to inanimates rather than persons or living things (VT49:32, see ta #3 above). Perhaps to avoid the clash with tai "that which", the pronoun tai "they, them" was altered to te in at least one manuscript (VT49:33), so that it would merge with the pronoun used of living beings and the distinction between animate and inanimate would be abandoned (see te).
tar(a)
adverb. thither, thither; [ᴹQ.] beyond
Derivations
- ✶tad(a) “thither, thereto, to that” ✧ PE19/104
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶tad > tar [tad] > [tað] > [tar] ✧ PE19/104 Variations
- tar ✧ PE19/104
- tăr ✧ VT49/11
- tăra ✧ VT49/11
- tamen ✧ VT49/33
tá
high
tá 2) adj. "high" (LT1:264; there spelt tâ. This is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, but cf. tára "lofty".)
termar-
stand
termar- vb. "stand" meaning last (ter-mar- "through-abide"); future tense termaruva in CO.
aran
king
aran noun "king"; pl. arani (WJ:369, VT45:16, PE17:186); gen.pl. aranion "of kings" in asëa aranion, q.v.; aranya "my king" (aran + nya) (UT:193). Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369); aran Ondórëo, "a king of Gondor" (VT49:27). Also in arandil "king's friend, royalist", arandur "king's servant, minister" (Letters:386); Arantar masc. name, "King-Lord" (Appendix A); Arandor "Kingsland" region in Númenor (UT:165); the long form Arandórë appears as a name of Arnor in PE17:28 (elsewhere Arnanórë, q.v.) Othercompounds ingaran, Noldóran, Núaran, q.v.
aran
noun. king
Cognates
- S. aran “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)” ✧ PE17/147
Derivations
Element in
- Q. arandil “king’s friend, royalist”
- Q. arandur “minister, steward, (lit.) king’s servant”
- Q. aranel “princess”
- Q. aranië “kingdom”
- Q. aran Lestanórëo “King of Doriath” ✧ WJ/369
- Q. aran linta ciryalion “*king of swift ships” ✧ PE17/147
- Q. aran linta ciryalíva “*king of swift ships” ✧ PE17/147
- Q. Aran Meletyalda “king your mighty” ✧ WJ/369
- Q. Aranórë “Kingsland”
- Q. Arantar “*High King”
- ᴺQ. arantyalmë “chess, (lit.) king-game”
- Q. aranus(së) “kingship”
- Q. Aranwë “*King-person”
- Q. aranya “*royal”
- Q. asëa aranion “kingsfoil, asëa of the Kings” ✧ LotR/0864; PE17/049; PE17/100
- Q. Ciriáran “Mariner King, *(lit.) Ship King”
- Q. Elwë, aran Sindaron “Elwe, King of the Sindar” ✧ WJ/369
- Q. i arani Eldaive “The kings of the Eldar” ✧ WJ/369
- Q. i arani Eldaron “The kings of the Eldar” ✧ WJ/369
- Q. ingaran “high-king”
- Q. Noldóran “King of the Ñoldor”
- Q. savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that E[lessar] really existed and that he was a King of Gondor” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/27
- ᴺQ. tararan “emperor, (lit.) high-king”
- Q.
Aran Endór“King of Middle-earth” ✧ MR/121 (Aran Endór)Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √ARA > aran [aran] ✧ PE17/118 √ARAN > aran [aran] ✧ PE17/147 Variations
- Aran ✧ MR/121 (
Aran); PE17/147; WJ/369; WJ/369; WJ/369
i
pronoun. that
i, antevokaliskt in
conjunction. that
ne
that
ne (2) conj. "that" (as in "I know that you are here") (PE14:54), evidently replaced by i in Tolkiens later Quenya (see i #3).
sa
conjunction. that
sana
that
savin elessar ar <u>i</u> nánë aran ondórëo
that
i (3) conj. "that". Savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo "I believe that Elessar really existed and that [he] was a king of Gondor" (VT49:27), savin…i E[lesarno] quetië naitë *"I believe that Elessars speaking [is] true" (VT49:28) Also cf. nai, nái "be it that" (see nai #1), which may seem to incorporate this conjunction.
tana
that
tana (1) demonstrative "that" (said to be "anaphoric") (TA). According to VT49:11, tana is the adjective corresponding to ta, "that" as a pronoun.
tana
that
Element in
- Q. tambë “*as, so”
Elements
Word Gloss ta “that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it” Variations
- tănā ✧ VT49/11
tanya
that
tanya demonstrative "that" (MC:215; this is "Qenya", perhaps corresponding to later tana)
turu
wood
turu (3) noun "wood" (properly firewood, but used of wood in general) (LT1:270)
túr
king
túr, tur noun "king" (PE16:138, LT1:260); rather aran in LotR-style Quenya, but cf. the verb tur-. Also compare the final element -tur, -ntur "lord" in names like Axantur, Falastur, Fëanturi, Vëantur (q.v.)
yana
that
yana demonstrative "that" (the former) (YA)
arata
high, lofty, noble
arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)
haran
king, chieftain
haran (#harn-, as in pl. harni) noun "king, chieftain" (3AR, TĀ/TA3, VT45:17; for "king", the word aran is to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, haran was glossed "chief" (VT45:17)
tamen
thither
tamen adv. "thither" (VT49:33). Compare simen.
tamen
adverb. thither
tande
thither
tande adv. "thither" (MC:215; this is "Qenya")
tanna
thither
tanna (2) pron. in allative "thither" (VT14:5, PE16:96; evidently to be understood as the allative of ta #2: "to that [place]"). Compare tar and locative tassë.
tanna
adverb. thither
Element in
- Q. i·oromandi tanna lendë “*the wood-spirits came thither” ✧ PE16/096
- Q. lendë tanna Nieliccilis “*thither came little Niéle” ✧ PE16/096
Elements
Word Gloss ta “that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it” Variations
- tanna ✧ PE16/096; PE16/096
toina
adjective. wood, wood, *wooden, made of wood
A word glossed “wood” appearing in a list of “large & small” roots from around 1968 derived from primitive ✶tawĭnā (PE17/115) and hence probably an adjective “✱wooden, (made) of wood” as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (QQ/toina).
Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien instead had ᴹQ. taurina “of wood”, an adjectival form of ᴹQ. tavar “wood (material)” (Ety/TÁWAR). The word ᴹQ. toina appeared in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1940s, but was unglossed, so whether it meant “✱wooden” is unclear.
Cognates
- S. tawen “wood (of material), ?wooden (of make), wood (of material), wooden (of make)” ✧ PE17/115
Derivations
Elements
Word Gloss -ina “adjective suffix; passive participle” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶tawĭnā > toina [tawinā] > [toinā] > [toina] ✧ PE17/115
tána
high, lofty, noble
tána (meaning unclear, probably adj. "high, lofty, noble") (TĀ/TA3). Compare tára.
vardar
king
vardar noun "king" (LT1:273; rather aran in LotR-style Quenya)
te
they, them
te pron. "they, them", 3rd person pl. (VT49:51, LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308). The pronoun te represents an original stem-form (VT49:50). Dative ten, téna or tien "for them, to them" (q.v.) Stressed té (VT49:51). Ótë "with them", q.v. VT43:20 connects te "them" with a discussion of Common Eldarin pronominal stems (ca. 1940s), where te is the "personal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring to persons rather than abstracts or inanimates (which are denoted by ta instead; see, however, the entry ta #3 regarding the problems with this form, and the hints that te may possibly be used with reference to inanimates as well)). Also consider the reflexive pronoun intë "themselves", the final element of which is apparently this pronoun te; see also tú for the dual form.
han
beyond
han prep. "beyond" (compare the _postposition pella of similar meaning) (VT43:14)_
han
preposition. beyond
Derivations
- √HAN “add to, increase, enhance, enrich, honour (especially by gift); give” ✧ VT43/14
Element in
- Q. Átaremma i ëa han Eä “our Father who art in Heaven” ✧ VT43/14
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √HAN > han [han] ✧ VT43/14
mir
to the inside, into
mir (1) prep. with old allative ending "to the inside, into"(also minna) (MI). This is mi "in" with the same allative ending -r (from primitive ¤-da) as in tar "thither", q.v.
toi
they
toi pron. "they" (FS; replaced by te in LotR-style Quenya?)
tú
they, them
tú pron. "they, them", 3rd person dual ("the two of them"), both "personal and neuter" (the pronoun can be used of persons and things alike). (VT49:51) Tolkien also considered tet for the same meaning, listing it alongside tú in one source (VT49:56), but this form was apparently abandoned.
halda
adjective. high, tall
-lto
they
-lto, "Qenya" pronominal ending "they"; see -ltë
-ltë
they
-ltë, 3rd person pl. pronominal suffix, "they" (VT49:51; cariltë "they do", VT49:16, 17). It alternates with -ntë in Tolkiens manuscripts (VT49:17, 57). In his early material, the ending also appears as -lto, occurring in Fíriel's Song (meldielto "they are beloved" and cárielto "they made"), also in LT1:114: tulielto "they have come" (cf. VT49:57). Compare -lta, -ltya as the ending for "their".
-ltë
suffix. they
Derivations
- ✶te “they” ✧ VT49/50
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶te/se > -lte [-lte] ✧ VT49/50 Variations
- -lte ✧ PE17/075; PE17/190; VT49/16; VT49/17 (-lte); VT49/51
-ntë
they
-ntë "they", pronomimal ending, inflexion of 3rd person plural when no subject is previously mentioned (CO; see also VT49:49). This ending competes with -ltë (q.v.) in Tolkiens conception (VT49:57; for "they do", both carintë and cariltë are attested, VT49:16 vs. 17). The corresponding pronominal possessive suffix appears as -ntya or -nta in various sources.
-ntë
suffix. they
Variations
- -nte ✧ PE17/057; PE17/190; UT/317; VT49/17
-ttë
they
-ttë (1) "they", dual 3rd person pronominal ending ("the two of them") (VT49:51), replacing (also within the legendarium) the older ending -stë (which was later used for the second person only). This older ending -stë corresponds to a possessive ending -sta "their" (VT49:16), but this was presumably likewise altered to *-tta as the new ending for dual "their" = "of the two of them".
minna
to the inside, into
minna prep. "to the inside, into" (also mir) (MI); variant mina "into" (VT43:30), possibly occurring, compounded, in minasurie, q.v.
pella
beyond
pella "beyond", apparently a postposition rather than a preposition: Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella "from beyond the stars" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya) In one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used pell' (evidently an elided form of pella) as a _preposition, but this version was abandoned (VT43:13)_
ó-
used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units
ó- (usually reduced to o- when unstressed) a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. _(WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix _o-, ó- is simply defined as "together".) In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni "with me", ómë "with us" [also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive], ólyë or ólë "with you" (olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl.), ósë "with him/her", ótë *"with them" (of animates where "them" refers to non-persons, óta [or shortened ót] is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable), ósa (or shortened ós) "with it". (Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean "with them" of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate "they".) However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied (like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used). The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o (variant of ó) did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o (with or without endings) for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary (also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you").
eldatár
`Vm#1~C6 noun. elf-king, elfking, elven-king
arata
high, lofty, noble
arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)
tar (2) prep. "beyond" (FS)