mahtar

warrior

mahtar noun "warrior" (MAK; original gloss "swordsman", VT45:32)

mehtar

noun. warrior

Element in

• Q. Calimehtar “*Bright Warrior”
• Q. Telumehtar “Orion, (lit.) Warrior of the Sky” ✧ WJ/411

ohtacáro

warrior

[ohtacáro] ("k")noun "warrior" (KAR). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the accent of the word ohtacáro was omitted (VT45:19).

ohtar

masculine name. Warrior

The squire of Isildur (LotR/243, UT/272). This name is simply the word ohtar “warrior” used as a name. Since it is a name out of legend, this name might have originally been the man’s title instead of his name, with his true name now lost (UT/282, note #17).

Elements

Word	Gloss
ohtar	“warrior”

ohtar

noun. warrior

Element in

• Q. Minohtar “*First Warrior”
• Q. Ohtar “Warrior”
• ᴺQ. ohtarië “martial ardour”

Elements

Word	Gloss
ohta	“war”
-r(o)	“agental suffix”

Variations

• Ohtar ✧ UT/282

mordo

warrior, hero

mordo (2) noun "warrior, hero" (LT1:268 - probably obsoleted by # 1 above)

ohtar

warrior, soldier

ohtar noun "warrior, soldier" (UT:282)

macil

sword

macil ("k")noun "sword" (MAK, LT1:259, VT39:11, VT45:32, VT49:17); macilya "his (or their) sword" (PE17:130), see -ya #4.

yelca

sword

[yelca noun ?"sword" - Tolkien's gloss is not certainly legible, and the word was struck out anyway. (VT45:11)]

wëo

living creature

wëo noun "living creature", variant of vëo, q.v. (PE17:189)

macar

swordsman

macar ("k") (1) noun "swordsman" (VT39:11). In Menelmacar (see menel). According to VT41:10, macar is literally "forger" (derived from maca-, q.v.), "often used in later use of a warrior".

mectar

swordsman

mectar _("k")_noun"Swordsman". In Telimectar ("k"). (LT1:268; in LotR-style Quenya mehtar, also macar)

ehtar

spearman

[ehtar] noun "spearman" (EK/EKTE, VT45:12)]

ehtyar

spearman

ehtyar noun "spearman" (EK/EKTE). According to VT45:12, Tolkien at one point also meant ehtyar to be the name of Tengwa #15 with overposed dots to indicate a palatal sound; the letter would thus have the value hty. However, according to the classical Tengwar spelling of Quenya as outlined in LotR Appendix E, such a letter would rather have the value **ncy (since #15 is there assigned the value nc in Quenya), but since **ncy is not a possible Quenya combination, a palatal variant of #15 would not occur in the classical Quenya mode.

nér

noun. man, male person, man, male person; [ᴹQ.] adult male; [ᴱQ.] husband; warrior

The Quenya word for a “man”, or more specifically a person of male gender (WJ/393). This word is derived from the root √N(D)ER, and the é is long in Quenya as a remnant of the lengthened vowel in the primitive subjective form ndēr, but the stem form is ner- because the vowel was not long in ancient inflective forms (PE19/102). Thus the singular is nér but plural neri (MR/213), and likewise for other inflected forms. Nér can be used regardless of species and so is equally applicable to male Elves, Men, or Dwarves, but is unlikely to be used of male animals, for which the word [ᴹQ.] hanu is more applicable.

Conceptual Development: This word was very well established in Tolkien’s mind, appearing as ᴱQ. ner “man, husband” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√NERE (QL/65), though in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa it was glossed “warrior, etc.” (PME/65). The long/short vowel variation had emerged by the time the Early Qenya Grammar was written in the 1920s, where Tolkien gave singular nēr but plural nĕri (PE14/43, 72).

The Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s has this same long/short vowel split (PE21/20) as does The Etymologies from later in the 1930s which had ᴹQ. nér with plural neri as derivatives of the root ᴹ√(N)DER (Ety/DER). This remained the case in later writings as well, except that the unstrengthened form of the root changed from ᴹ√DER to √NER (WJ/393), though this only barely matters, since the actual derivatives were all from strengthened √NDER in pretty much all cases from the 1930s forward.

Derivations

• ✶nēr “man, a male person” ✧ WJ/393
  • √N(D)ER “male (person), man” ✧ WJ/393

Element in

• Q. Nerdanel
• Q. nernehta “man-spearhead”
• Q. Nerwen “Man-maiden” ✧ UT/229
• Q. Úner “Noman” ✧ UT/211

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶nere/nēr > nēr	[nēr]	✧ WJ/393

Variations

• ner ✧ UT/211
• Ner ✧ UT/229
• nēr ✧ VT49/17; WJ/393

lér

man

**lér noun "man" (NI1; hypothetical Q form of PQ dēr; the form actually used in Quenya was nér)

nér

man

nér (1) (ner-, as in pl. neri) noun "man" (adult male elf, mortal, or of other speaking race) (MR:213, VT49:17, DER, NDER, NI1, VT45:9; see also WJ:393)

nér

noun. man

vëo

man

†vëo noun "man" (WEG; etymologically connected to vëa "manly, vigorous"; the more neutral word for "man" is nér. According to VT46:21, Tolkien indicated that vëo is an archaic or poetic word.) Tolkien at a later point defined the word as "living creature" (PE17:189). Cf. variant wëo, q.v.

vëo

noun. living creature, living creature, *living being, [ᴹQ.] man

A noun for a “living creature” in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957, a derivative of the primitive form ✶wegō(n) from the root √WEG “live, be active” (PE17/183). It is not entirely clear from context, but I think this word may apply to any living being, both plants and animals.

Conceptual Development: In earlier conceptions, the root √WEG and its precursors were mostly associated with masculine things, and thus the precursors to this word meant “man” rather than living creature: ᴱQ. wie cognate to G. gweg “man, male of the Elda” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/44), archaic ᴹQ. †wē “man, warrior” from the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s (PE21/1, 41) and archaic ᴹQ. †veo “man” from The Etymologies of around 1937 (Ety/WEG; EtyAC/WEG).

Cognates

• S. gwê “living creature, living creature, *living being; [N.] man, warrior” ✧ PE17/189

Derivations

• ✶wegō(n) “living creature” ✧ PE17/189
  • √WEG “live, be active, live, be active; [ᴹ√] (manly) vigour” ✧ PE17/189

Element in

• ᴺQ. mitsavëo “micro-organism”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶wegō(n) > weo > vëo	[wegō] > [weɣō] > [βeɣo] > [βeo] > [veo]	✧ PE17/189

hador

masculine name. Warrior

Leader of the House of Hador, one of the three tribes of the Edain (S/147). In a geneology from 1959, the name seems to be translated “Warrior” in Hador Lorindol “the Warrior Goldenhead”, appearing beneath S. Magor “the Sword” and S. Hathol “the Axe” (WJ/234).

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name appeared as N. Hádor and Hador with both long and short a (LR/146). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. hador was translated as “thrower” (Ety/KHAT).

Element in

• S. Narn e·mbar Hador “*Tale of the House of Hador” ✧ MR/373

magor

noun. swordsman

magor

noun. swordsman

Cognates

• Q. macar “swordsman; †forger”

Derivations

• √MAK “cut, hew with a sharp edge; kill, slay; forge metal, cut, hew with a sharp edge, [ᴹ√] cleave; sword, fight (with a sword); ️[√] forge metal; kill, slay”

Element in

• S. Magor “The Sword”
• S. Menelvagor “Orion, (lit.) Swordsman of the Sky” ✧ LotR/0081

megil

noun. sword

The word was struck out in the Etymologies, but is well attested in late compounds such as Mormegil or Arvegil (with regular mutation). It is conceivably the Sindarinized form of Quenya makil, coexisting with magol (see tegil and tegol for a similar case)

megil

noun. sword

_ n. _sword. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'.

thalion

noun. hero, dauntless man (especially as surname of Húrin Thalion)

dîr

noun. man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix

A word for “man” as a male person, attested only as an element in compounds or as (archaic?) ndir (PE17/60). This word likely refers to male individuals of all races including Elves, Men, Dwarves and so forth, much like its Quenya cognate Q. nér. This word must have been derived from the primitive subjective form ✶ndēr of the root √N(D)ER “male person”, where the ancient long ē became ī, and the initial cluster nd- became d-, though the ancient cluster would still be reflected in mutated forms, such as in i nîr “the man” rather than ✱✱i dhîr.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor to this word is (archaic) G. †drio “hero, warrior” with variants driw, driodweg and driothweg, a cognate of ᴱQ. nēr (GL/22). This Gnomish word was derived from primitive ᴱ✶n’reu̯, where the initial nr- became dr-. At this early stage, the root was unstrengthened ᴱ√NERE (QL/65), as reflected in (archaic) ᴱN. nîr “hero, prince, warrior-elf” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/164).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DER “adult male, man” of any speaking race and the derived form was N. dîr (Ety/DER). However, in this document Tolkien said:

> EN †dîr surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL], Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir “doer, maker”) ... In ordinary use EN has benn [for “man”] (properly = “husband”).

Thus in the scenario described in The Etymologies, dîr “man” was archaic and used only as an element in names or as a suffix. In ordinary speech it was replaced by N. benn, which used to mean “husband” but now meant “man”, while the word for “husband” became N. hervenn (Ety/BES). It is unlikely Tolkien imagined this exact scenario in later Sindarin, however, since the 1930s root for benn was ᴹ√BES “wed”, but by the 1960s the root for husband/wife/marry words had become √BER.

Neo-Sindarin: Since the status of N. benn is questionable given ᴹ√BES >> √BER, many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. ✱dîr as the Sindarin word for man. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable for “man, male person”. This is because I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES as the root for “marry, wed”, since it is the best basis for attested husband/wife words in (Neo) Sindarin.

Derivations

• ✶ndē̆r “man”
  • √N(D)ER “male (person), man”

Element in

• S. Borondir “?Steadfast-man”
• S. Brandir “*Noble Man”
• S. condir “mayor, *(lit.) chief-man”
• S. curunír “wizard, wizard, [N.] man of craft”
• S. dagnir “slayer, bane”
• S. Dírhael “*Wise Man”
• S. dírnaith “wedge-shaped battle-formation, (lit.) man-spearhead”
• S. Emeldir “Manhearted, *Manly-mother”
• S. Haldir
• S. Handir
• S. Hathaldir
• S. Hatholdir “*Axe-man”
• S. herdir “master”
• S. Lindir
• S. Othrondir “?Stronghold Man”
• S. randir “wanderer, wandering man, pilgrim” ✧ PE17/060
• S. Thorondir “*Eagle-man”

Variations

• ndir ✧ PE17/060

adanadar

noun. man, one of the Fathers of Men

gwê

noun. living creature, living creature, *living being; [N.] man, warrior

A noun for a “living creature” in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957, a derivative of the primitive form ✶wegō(n) from the root √WEG “live, be active” (PE17/183). It is not entirely clear from context, but I think this word may apply to any living being, both plants and animals.

Conceptual Development: In earlier conceptions, the root √WEG and its precursors were mostly associated with masculine things, and thus the precursors to this word meant “man” rather than living creature: G. gweg “man, male of the Elda” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/44), ᴱN. gweg “man, male (being)” from various Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/122, 146, 162; PE15/62), and N. {gweg >>} gwe “man, warrior” from the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s (PE21/1).

Cognates

• Q. vëo “living creature, living creature, *living being, [ᴹQ.] man” ✧ PE17/189

Derivations

• ✶wegō(n) “living creature” ✧ PE17/189
  • √WEG “live, be active, live, be active; [ᴹ√] (manly) vigour” ✧ PE17/189

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶wegō(n) > gwê	[wegō] > [wego] > [gwego] > [gweɣo] > [gweɣ] > [gwēɣ] > [gwē]	✧ PE17/189

adan

noun. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men)

drúadan

noun. wild man, one of the Woses

drû

noun. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man

In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word

Dúnadan

noun. Man of the west, Númenórean

adanath

noun. men

daug

warrior

(i naug, o ndaug) (soldier), pl. doeg (i ndoeg), coll. pl. dogath. Compounded as -dog in the name Boldog (= baul-daug, ✱”torment-warrior”)

hadron

warrior

(i chadron, o chadron), pl. hedryn (i chedryn), coll. pl. hadronnath.

maethor

warrior

1) maethor (i vaethor), analogical pl. maethyr (i maethyr), 2) (”thrower” or ”hurler”, i.e. of spears or darts) hadron (i chadron, o chadron), pl. hedryn (i chedryn), coll. pl. hadronnath. 3) (primarily Orkish warrior) daug (i naug, o ndaug) (soldier), pl. doeg (i ndoeg), coll. pl. dogath. Compounded as -dog in the name Boldog (= baul-daug, *”torment-warrior”)

maethor

warrior

(i vaethor), analogical pl. maethyr (i maethyr)

lang

sword

(cutlass), pl. leng.

magol

sword

(i vagol), analogical pl. megyl (i megyl), coll. pl. maglath (though analogical ?magolath may also be possible). In ”Noldorin”, this was the native word for ”sword” (derived from primitive makla, as is Quenya macil); it is unclear whether Tolkien definitely replaced it with megil when he turned ”Noldorin” into Sindarin, or whether both words coexist in the language.

magor

swordsman

magor (i vagor), analogical pl. megyr (i megyr)

magor

swordsman

(i vagor), analogical pl. megyr (i megyr)

megil

sword

1) megil (i vegil), no distinct pl. form except with article (i megil). This is a borrowing from Quenya macil (VT45:32). 2) magol (i vagol), analogical pl. megyl (i megyl), coll. pl. maglath (though analogical ?magolath may also be possible). In ”Noldorin”, this was the native word for ”sword” (derived from primitive makla, as is Quenya macil); it is unclear whether Tolkien definitely replaced it with megil when he turned ”Noldorin” into Sindarin, or whether both words coexist in the language. 3) lang (cutlass), pl. leng.

megil

sword

(i vegil), no distinct pl. form except with article (i megil). This is a borrowing from Quenya macil (VT45:32).

firion

mortal man

(pl. firyn).

thalion

dauntless man

(hero), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”. 

thalion

hero

(dauntless man), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”.   

curunír

man of craft

(i gurunír, o churunír) (wizard), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. ?curuníriath.

callon

hero

1) callon (i gallon, o challon), pl. cellyn (i chellyn), coll. pl. callonnath; 2) thalion (dauntless man), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”.

callon

hero

(i gallon, o challon), pl. cellyn (i chellyn), coll. pl. callonnath

bôr

trusty man

(boron-) (i vôr, construct bor) (steadfast man, faithful vassal), pl. *b**ŷr* for older beryn, i meryn (archaic böryn, i möryn). In ”Noldorin”, the older pl. forms were berein, beren.

dîr

man

1) (adult male of any speaking race) dîr (dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”. 2) (mortal human as opposed to Elf) Adan (pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

dîr

man

(dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”.

daug

soldier

(primarily Orkish soldier) daug (i naug, o ndaug) (warrior), pl. doeg (i ndoeg), coll. pl. dogath. Compounded as -dog in the name Boldog (= baul-daug, *”torment-soldier”). See WARRIOR.

daug

soldier

(i naug, o ndaug) (warrior), pl. doeg (i ndoeg), coll. pl. dogath. Compounded as -dog in the name Boldog (= baul-daug, ✱”torment-soldier”). See

hathel

broadsword blade

(i chathel, o chathel) (axe blade), pl. hethil (i chethil)

rhavan

wild man

(?i thravan or ?i ravan – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). – The following terms apparently apply to ”men” of any speaking race:

adan

man

(pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

dúnadan

man of the west

(i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386).

beorn

noun. man

The shift of e to eo is strange and has no direct parallels, but compare eo from i in meord "fine rain" (< primitive mizdê). Normally final -ô becomes -â in Nandorin (see golda), but here it is simply lost instead of producing *beorna. C.f. meord the other word where we might have expected to see a final -a (in that case from -ê); it may be that final vowels are lost in words that would otherwise come to have more than two syllables. - The shift of primitive s to r in besnô > beorn may be ascribed primarily to the blending with ber(n)ô, but r from z is seen in meord < mizdê; perhaps the s of besnô first became z and then r. Such developments are common in Quenya.

nardû

noun. soldier

A noun translated “soldier” and fully declined as an example of a masculine Weak II noun (SD/438). Several authors have suggested (AAD/20, EotAL/NERE) that it may be related to narû “man”.

Variations

• nardū ✧ SD/438

makla

noun. sword

Derivatives

• Aq. makal “*sword” ✧ PE19/083

Variations

• makil ✧ PE21/71

wegō(n)

noun. living creature

Derivations

• √WEG “live, be active, live, be active; [ᴹ√] (manly) vigour” ✧ PE17/189

Derivatives

• Q. vëo “living creature, living creature, *living being, [ᴹQ.] man” ✧ PE17/189
• S. gwê “living creature, living creature, *living being; [N.] man, warrior” ✧ PE17/189

ndē̆r

noun. man

Derivations

• √N(D)ER “male (person), man”

Derivatives

• S. dîr “man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix”

maethor

noun. warrior

maethor

noun. warrior

Cognates

• ᴹQ. mahtar “warrior, warrior, [ᴱQ.] soldier” ✧ Ety/MAK

gwe

noun. man, warrior

Changes

• gweg → gwe “man, warrior” ✧ PE21/01

Derivations

• ᴹ✶wegō “man; warrior” ✧ PE21/01
  • ᴹ√WEG “(manly) vigour” ✧ Ety/ING; Ety/WEG

Variations

• gweg ✧ PE21/01 (gweg)

maethon

noun. sword

magl

noun. sword

The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used

magol

noun. sword

The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used

magol

noun. sword

Cognates

• ᴹQ. makil “sword” ✧ Ety/MAK; EtyAC/MAK

Derivations

• ᴹ√MAK “sword; fight (with a sword), cleave” ✧ Ety/MAK
• ᴹ✶makla “sword” ✧ EtyAC/MAK
  • ᴹ√MAK “sword; fight (with a sword), cleave” ✧ Ety/MAK; EtyAC/MAK

Element in

• N. Magladhûr “Black-sword” ✧ Ety/MAK; Ety/MAK
• N. Maglavorn “Black-sword” ✧ Ety/MAK
• N. Mormegil “Black-sword” ✧ EtyAC/MAK (Mormegil)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MAK > magl > magol	[makla] > [makl] > [magl] > [magol]	✧ Ety/MAK
ᴹ✶makili- > megil	[makili] > [makile] > [mekile] > [mekil] > [megil]	✧ EtyAC/MAK

Variations

• megil ✧ Ety/MAK; EtyAC/MAK (megil)

megil

noun. sword

The word was struck out in the Etymologies, but is well attested in late compounds such as Mormegil or Arvegil (with regular mutation). It is conceivably the Sindarinized form of Quenya makil, coexisting with magol (see tegil and tegol for a similar case)

megil

noun. sword

thalion

noun. hero, dauntless man (especially as surname of Húrin Thalion)

callon

noun. hero

callon

noun. hero

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kallo “noble man, hero” ✧ Ety/KAL

Derivations

• ᴹ✶kalrondō “hero” ✧ Ety/KAL

Elements

Word	Gloss
-(r)on	“agental suffix”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶kalrondō > callon	[kalrondō] > [kallondō] > [kallondo] > [kallond] > [kallonn] > [kallon]	✧ Ety/KAL

dîr

noun. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race)

daug

noun. warrior, soldier (chiefly used of Orcs)

daug

noun. warrior, soldier (chiefly used of orcs), warrior, soldier [with evil connotations]

Derivations

• On. ndōko “warrior, soldier” ✧ Ety/NDAK
  • ᴹ✶ndākō “warrior, soldier” ✧ Ety/NDAK
  • ᴹ√(N)DAK “slay” ✧ Ety/NDAK

Element in

• N. Boldog “Torment-slayer” ✧ Ety/NDAK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. ndōko > daug	[ndǭko] > [dǭko] > [douko] > [dauko] > [dauk] > [daug]	✧ Ety/NDAK

forodrim

noun. Northmen

forodwaith

noun. Northmen

forodweith

noun. Northmen

forodwaith

noun. the lands of the North

forodweith

noun. the lands of the North

benn

noun. man, male