wo

root. together

wō̆-

prefix. together

kwetta

noun. word

nis

root. woman

nī

noun. woman

nī̆s

noun. woman

skarnā

adjective. wounded

skarwē

noun. wound

stabnē

noun. wooden post

tamrō

noun. woodpecker, knocker

tawar

noun. wood (material)

tawar

root. wood, forest

darak

root. *wolf

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. ráka/N. draug “wolf” (Ety/DARÁK), the latter an element in the name N. Draugluin “[Blue] Werewolf” (LR/134), originally “Werewolf Pale” (LB/205). The continued appearance of this name in later versions of the Silmarillion imply the continued validity of this root.

gyer

root. *old, worn out (of things)

An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. yerna “old, worn” and N. gern “worn, old (of things)” (Ety/GYER), and thus probably having a similar meaning.

stab

root. *wood

An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. sambe “room, chamber”, N. tham “hall”, and ᴹQ. samna/N. thafn “wooden post” (Ety/STAB). It seems to be a later iteration of the unglossed root ᴱ√SAMA from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. san (samb-) “hall, dwelling house” and ᴱQ. sambe “room, chamber” (QL/81). Its derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon seem to be G. tham “chamber, room” and G. thambros “hall”, pointing at a true root form ✱ᴱ√ÞAMA (GL/72). However, there are other words like G. sam- “arrange, put together, adjust, settle, reconcile” and G. samin “arranged, settled, done” that hint at a root form ᴱ√SAMA but with a different meaning “✱arrange” (GL/67). Looking forward, the later form S. sammath “chambers” in Sammath Naur “Chambers of Fire” (LotR/942) may imply a later shift back to ✱√SAM for this root, but that conflicts with other roots like √SAM “to have”.

tow

root. *wool

An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. tó “wool” and ᴹQ. toa/N. taw “of wool, woollen” (Ety/TOW); ✶tŏwŏ “wool” also appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s (PE21/80). In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, the root was instead ᴱ√OWO with derivatives like ᴱQ. oa “wool”, ᴱQ. oara “of wool”, and ᴱQ. ue “fleece” (QL/71). The Gnomish word G. uf⁽⁾ “fine wool, down” was probably related (GL/74), but the word for “wool” in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon was G. tô with Qenya cognate ᴱQ. toa and primitive form ᴱ✶tou̯ (GL/71), hence very similar to the entry in The Etymologies. In Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s Tolkien gave ᴱN. tô “fleece” or “wool” as a derivatives of ᴱ✶togo (PE13/154, 165).

ñgaram

root. *wolf

An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with various derivative “wolf” words like ᴹQ. narmo and N. garaf (Ety/ÑGAR(A)M). It replaced a rejected root ᴹ√ƷARAM of the same meaning (Ety/ƷARAM). Unlike other wolf words, this root seems to be more neutral, without the “evil” connotations of words like S. gaur “werewolf”.

gyernā

adjective. old, worn, decrepit (of things)

angwa

root. snake

The root √ANGWA “snake” with variant √ANGU appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as the basis for the words ᴹQ. ango “snake” (Ety/ANGWA) and angulóke “dragon” (Ety/LOK). The Noldorin equivalent am- seems to have survived only as a prefix (Ety/ANGWA), and is a good example of how [[on|[ŋgw] > [mb]]] in that language. There are a variety of other words for “snake” in Tolkien’s later writings, so whether this root remained valid is unclear.

ʒan

root. male

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “male” and used in this sense for both people and animals (Ety/ƷAN). Its principle derivatives are ᴹQ. hanu/N. anw “male (person or animal)”, so it might more properly be ✱ᴹ√ƷAN+U.

aı̯an-

adjective. holy

dēr

noun. man

kwet

root. say

mat-

verb. to eat

met

root. end

metta

noun. end

mō

root. *labour

nakt-

noun. biting

nay

root. lament

nayak

root. pain

neth

root. young

nethrā

adjective. young

nāyǝ

noun. lament

nī/ini

root. female

star

root. stiff

waʒrā

adjective. soiled, dirty

wen(ed)

root. maiden

ūbanō

noun. monster