an

preposition. of

anórien

place name. Anórien

andrath

place name. Andrath

angbor

masculine name. Angbor

angmar

place name. Angmar

angrod

masculine name. Angrod

annon porennin diragas·venwed

annon porennin diragas·venwed

anborn

masculine name. Anborn

anw

noun/adjective. male (person or animal)

A word appearing as N. anw in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ON. anu under the root ᴹ√ƷAN “male”, where its positioning makes it appear as if it was a cognate of ᴹQ. hanu “a male (man or animal)” (Ety/ƷAN). In the original version of this entry, it was simply glossed “male”, and was initially given as (deleted) {ganw} (EtyAC/ƷAN).

Conceptual Development: Precursors to this word include G. an “person” and G. anos “man” from the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/19).

Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. anu to better fit Sindarin’s phonology. In HSD (HSD), Didier Willis suggested (as originally proposed by David Salo) that this word is most likely an adjective, the cognate of adjective ᴹQ. hanwa “male” rather than the noun ᴹQ. hanu “a male (man or animal)”. This is because it is generally believed that final -u (as in ✶ʒanu) vanishes in Noldorin/Sindarin, while the final -wa (as in ✶ʒanwa) would have developed into -u (Noldorin -w). However, I think the evidence of the loss of final -u in Noldorin is ambiguous and in fact N. anw might be a counterexample, especially since the Old Noldorin form was anu; see the entry on how [[s|final [i], [u] generally vanished]] for further discussion.

In any case, I think anu “male” can be used as a both a noun and an adjective for purposes of Neo-Sindarin.

angolonn

place name. Land of the Gnomes

Noldorin equivalent of ᴹQ. Ingolonde “Land of the Gnomes” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/ÑGOLOD). It seems to be an example of how [[on|initial syllabic [m], [n], [ŋ] became [am], [an], [aŋ]]] in Old Noldorin.

anrand

noun. cycle, age (100 Valian Years)

Helge Fauskanger noted that the element and "long" would normally be preserved before r-, but the -d is lost because there is another d in the word (VT/41:9); however, this second d later disappeared in the change from -nd to -nn, and it is unclear whether or not an- would then revert to and-

annabon

noun. elephant

A noun for “elephant” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of N. ann “long” and N. bon(n) “snouted”, from primitive ᴹ✶andambundā (Ety/MBUD). Its historical development would have produced ✱✱annammonn, but Tolkien said it was with “with dissimal[itive] alter[ation] of medial mb” (EtyAC/MBUD). The similar forms {Andabund >>} Andrabonn for “elephant” appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien gave G. funt as the equivalent of ᴱQ. hunto “elephant” (QL/41).

anfalas

place name. Langstrand

andabon

noun. elephant

andabund

noun. elephant

andrabonn

noun. elephant

annabon

noun. elephant

anrand

noun. cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle

[@@@ an example of how middle consonants frequently vanished in clusters, ndr > nr rather than dr (PE22/36); this specific change did not occur in later Sindarin (e.g. Andras)]

anw

adjective. male

A literal interpretation of the Etymologies would class this word as a noun, but David Salo notes that the punctuation in The Etymologies is not always reliable. Noldorin anw cannot be cognate to the Quenya noun hanu (3anû) because the final -u would drop. It must rather be cognate to the Quenya adjective hanwa (3anwâ) attested under the stem INI, where it is also stated that inw, corresponding to Quenya inya "female", has been remodelled after anw. The combination of these two entries, along with the phonological evidences, clearly indicates that anw is actually an adjective

anc

noun. jaw, row of teeth

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “jaw, row of teeth” derived from the root ᴹ√(A)NAK “bite” (Ety/ÁNAK, NAK). The continued appearance of words like Anfauglir “Jaws of Thirst” (S/180) and its Quenya cognate Q. anca (LotR/1123) indicate its ongoing validity.

Conceptual Development: G. gag “jaw” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/37) might be a conceptual precursor.

angrobel

place name. Irongarth

Earliest form of the name of Angrenost, translated “Irongarth” (TI/71). It seems to be a combination of a form of ang “iron” and gobel “village”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.4).

annerchi(o)n

place name. Goblin Gate

A Noldorin name for the “Goblin Gate” appearing only in the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, as both Annerchin and Annerchion (RS/416, TI/114). It seems to a combination of a shorter form of annon “gate” with a plural form of orch “Orc”, hence more literally “✱Gate of Goblins”. The function of the suffix -i(o)n is unclear; Roman Rausch suggested it might be a plural or genitive plural suffix (EE/1.8, 2.6).

anna-

verb. to give

anor

noun. Sun

ant

noun. gift

anann

adverb. long

ann

adjective. long

ancalagon

masculine name. Biting-Storm

andram

place name. Long Wall

anduin

place name. Great River

anfauglin

masculine name. Jaws of Thirst

ang

noun. iron

ang(ren)ost

place name. Isengard

angband

place name. Iron Prison, Hells of Iron

angren

adjective. of iron

angrist

proper name. Iron-cleaver

an(d)fang

proper name. Longbeard

an-

prefix. with, by

andeith

noun. long-mark

angol

noun. deep lore, magic

angos

noun. horror

angwedh

noun. chain, fetter, (lit.) iron-bond

annon

noun. great gate, door

annûn

noun. west

Anor

noun. sun

an-

prefix. with, by

anaur

noun. Sun

anc

noun. jaw, row of teeth

andeith

noun. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened.

andrand

noun. *long cycle

anfang

noun. one of the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves)

ang

noun. iron

angol

noun. stench

angol

noun. stench

angol

noun. deep lore, magic

angren

adjective. of iron

angwedh

noun. chain

ann

adjective. long

anna-

verb. to give

annon

noun. great door or gate

annûn

noun. west, sunset

ant

noun. gift

inias valannor

proper name. Annals of Valinor

Noldorin title for the “Annals of Valinor”, a combination of ínias “annals” and the lenited form of the Noldorin name of the region, Balannor (LR/202).

inias veleriand

proper name. Annals of Beleriand

Noldorin title for the “Annals of Beleriand”, a combination of ínias “annals” and the lenited form of Beleriand (LR/202).

forannest

place name. North Entrance [?In]

According to Christopher Tolkien, a name for the north gates into the Rammas Echor in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, glossed “North entrance [?in]” where the last word is obscure (WR/354). The same notes contained the rejected forms fornest and Anfornest, along with the words nesta, nethra and nest, the last with a difficult-to-read gloss, apparently “?heart, core” (WR/357, note #18). The other elements of this name seem to be the prefixal form for- of forn “north” and a reduced form of annon “gate”.

-ian(d)

suffix. -land

cair andros

place name. Cair Andros

naneth

noun. mother

A noun for “mother” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the (Noldorin-only?) root ᴹ√NAN (Ety/NAN). It apparently replaced archaic/poetic N. †emil (Ety/AM¹; EtyAC/AM¹).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon had a similar set of words for “mother”: G. maba, mabir, baba, and mavwin from the early root ᴱ√maƀ “something nice” (GL/57). The last of these appeared as G. mavwen “ancestress” in the Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document, with an archaic meaning of “mother” and variant forms mafwyn and mavuin (PE13/115). In these slips, it seems the normal “mother” word was G. nân (originally glossed “father”) with variant nanwin (PE13/115). This last word is likely the direct precursor of N. naneth.

Neo-Sindarin: I would use S. emel from the late 1960s as the normal word for “mother” in Neo-Sindarin, but would retain N. naneth as a dialectical or more formal variant.

henneth annûn

place name. Window of the Sunset

lhanc

noun. throat

athan

preposition. beyond

rhand

noun. cycle

balan

noun. Vala, divine power, divinity

brand

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brand

adjective. high (in size)

brann

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brann

adjective. high (in size)

cirban

noun. haven

cirban

noun. haven

ifant

adjective. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness)

lhanc

noun. throat

nan

preposition. of

nana

noun. mother, mummy

naneth

noun. mother

afor

proper name. Refuser, an Elf who did not journey to Aman

talad

noun. an incline, slope

pôd

noun. animal’s foot

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “animal’s foot” derived from the (Noldorin only?) root ᴹ√POTŌ of the same meaning (Ety/POTŌ). It had a Noldorin-style plural pŷd. Its Sindarin-style plural might instead be ✱puid; compare thuin plural of S. thôn “pine” (PE17/81). Based on the example tad-dail “two-legged” referring to two legged beasts (WJ/388), it seems tâl “foot” can be used to refer to the feet of both people and animals, so that tâl is a more general term than pôd. This makes pôd comparable to words for more specialized kinds of feet such as hoof, paw, etc.

a

conjunction. and

ar

conjunction. and

bennas

noun. angle

edinar

noun. anniversary day

iaur

adjective. ancient, old(en)

ínias

noun. annals

bennas

noun. angle, corner

edinar

noun. anniversary day

glamb

noun. any body of Orcs

glamm

noun. any body of Orcs

iaur

adjective. ancient, old, original

lhorn

noun. anchorage, harbour

naith

place name. Angle

naith

noun. any formation or projection tapering to a point: a spearhead, triangle gore, wedge, narrow promontory

nass

noun. angle or corner

pôd

noun. animal's foot

ínias

noun. annals

ionn

noun. scion, male descendant

For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196

geleidhien

place name. Land of the Gnomes

Noldorin name for the Land of the Gnomes (Ety/ÑGOLOD), a combination of the plurals of Golodh “Gnome” and the suffix -ian(d) “land”.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, this name was G. Goldobar or Goldomar “Gnomeland” (GL/41). The name ᴱN. Geleidhian emerged in Early Noldorin notes from the 1920s, along with several variants (PE13/145, 162).

nelen

place name. Gore, Angle

Earliest name for Egladil in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/242), also appearing in the longer form Nelennas (TI/245). It is probably related to the root ᴹ√NEL from which nelthil “triangle” is derived, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.29).

naeg

noun. pain

naeg

noun. pain

lhorn

noun. haven, quiet water, anchorage, harbour

nass

noun. point, (sharp) end; angle, corner

pedo mellon a minno

speak, friend, and enter

bess

noun. (young) woman

dess

noun. young woman

duirro

noun. river-bank

dî

noun. woman, lady

erchamui

adjective. one-handed

falathren

noun/adjective. Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech)

glamb

noun. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts

glamm

noun. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts

gwaith

noun. manhood

gwaith

noun. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people

gweith

noun. manhood

gweith

noun. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people

gûl

noun. perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy

hûb

noun. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay

ind

noun. inner thought, meaning, heart

inn

noun. inner thought, meaning, heart

lhîr

noun. row, range

nen

noun. waterland

rhaug

noun. a powerful, hostile and terrible creature, a demon

taen

adjective. long (and thin)

toll

noun. island, (steep) isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river

am-

prefix. snake

A prefix for “snake” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ANGWA of the same meaning, most notably an element in N. amlug “dragon” (Ety/ANGWA).

glî

noun. honey

A word for “honey” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶g-lisi under the root ᴹ√LIS of the same meaning (Ety/LIS).

Conceptual Development: In Early Noldorin Word-lists Tolkien also had ᴱN. glí “honey” (PE13/144), presumably similarly derived from the early root ᴱ√LISI. However, in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s the word for “honey” was G. neglis with an initial element √neg- (GL/59), the Gnomish equivalent of the early root ᴱ√NEHE that was the basis for ᴱQ. nekte “honey” (QL/65). It is possible that the second element of G. neglis was based on ᴱ√LISI and this was carried forward into later “honey” words.

iell

noun. daughter

Stated to be an alteration of sell , remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words

iell

noun. girl, maid

Stated to be an alteration of sell , remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words

ionn

noun. son

For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196

beleghir

place name. Great River

Precursor to the river name Anduin appearing in the Lord of the Rings from the 1940s (RS/410), a combination of beleg “great” and the lenited form of sîr “river”.

gwaun

noun. goose

A noun for “goose” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶wān under the root ᴹ√WĀ “blow” (Ety/WĀ), where ancient ā became au. It had a Noldorin plural form of guin, but if adapted to (Neo) Sindarin its plural would be gwoen: compare Sindarin plural S. noeg of naug “dwarf” (UT/100) vs. its Noldorin plural N. nuig (EtyAC/NAUK).

ast

noun. dust

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dust” derived from the root ᴹ√ÁS-AT (Ety/ÁS-AT).

cobas

place name. Haven

The bay north of Dol Amroth in early maps of Gondor from the 1940s (TI/312, WR/434), unnamed in the maps published in The Lord of the Rings. The name is similar to N. hobas “harbourage” and ᴱQ. kópas “harbour”. It was probably derived from the root ᴹ√KOP, a (rejected) variant of ᴹ√KHOP > hobas from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KOP, Ety/KHOP). See the entry on ᴹ√KHOP for details.

cûl

noun. flame

A word for “flame” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KUL “golden-red”, but this word was deleted (EtyAC/KUL).

naew

noun. jaw

A noun for “jaw” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶nakma (✱“bite-thing”) under the root ᴹ√NAK “bite” (NAK). This word remains phonologically plausible in Sindarin, with ancient k vocalizing to i and the resulting diphthong ai become ae, after which the m became v > w; see VT42/26 for a description of the basic phonetic changes. However, naew might have been displaced conceptually by anc “jaw”, which appeared in a number of later Sindarin names and whose Quenya cognate Q. anca appeared in The Lord of the Rings Appendix E.

salab

noun. herb

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “herb” derived from ᴹ✶SALÁK-(WĒ) (Ety/SALÁK). Its Noldorin plural was seleb, but if adapted into Sindarin its plural would be ✱selaib.

ûn

noun. creature

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “creature” derived from the root ᴹ√ONO “beget” (Ety/ONO), perhaps from a primitive form ✱ōno with ancient ō becoming ū.

tôl

verb. (he) comes

According to WJ/301, the expression tôl acharn "vengeance comes" was later changed to tûl acharn by Tolkien

amlug

noun. dragon

ered-engrin

place name. Iron Mountains

a-

prefix. intensive prefix

-ion

suffix. son

agor

adjective. narrow

am

adverb. up

ar-

prefix. day

baul

noun. torment

borth

?. [unglossed]

car-

verb. to do, make

carach

noun. jaws

celeb

noun. silver

dae

adverb. very

dag-

verb. to slay

del

noun. horror

diragas

?. [unglossed]

drava-

verb. to hew

dûn

noun. west

el

noun. star

emil

noun. mother

gala-

verb. to grow

geil

noun. star

golw

noun. lore

goroth

noun. horror

gûl

noun. magic

ho

pronoun. he

i

article. the

ia

noun. gulf

iell

noun. daughter

im

pronoun. I

ionn

noun. son

lhewig

noun. ear

lhîr

noun. row

lhûg

noun. dragon

mell

adjective. dear

ment

noun. point

menwed

?. [unglossed]

min

cardinal. one

muin

adjective. dear

naith

noun. gore

naur

noun. flame

nauth

noun. thought

nen

noun. water

nith

?. [unglossed]

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

níth

?. [unglossed]

nûr

adjective. deep

ongol

noun. stench

palw

noun. agony

parf

noun. book

penedh

noun. Elf

penn

noun. Elf

peth

noun. word

porennin

?. [unglossed]

sein

adjective. new

sîr

noun. river

telia-

verb. to play

telwen

?. [unglossed]

tew

noun. letter

@@@ tîw (Ety/TEK) appears to be plural, but is clearly glossed as singular “letter” with primitive form tekmē

thost

noun. smell

thû

noun. stench

ui

adverb. ever

agor

adjective. narrow

agr

adjective. narrow

am

preposition. up, upwards, upon

amlug

noun. dragon

amphala

noun. death agony

ON. death agony

ast

noun. dust

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

auth

noun. war, battle

baul

noun. torment

bein

adjective. beautiful, fair

bess

noun. wife

blâb

verb. (he) flaps, beats

The Etymologies seem to list this word as a noun, but it is clearly the third person singular of the verb

brona-

verb. to last, to survive

brûn

adjective. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use

celeb

noun. silver

celebren

adjective. like silver (in hue or worth)

celefn

adjective. of silver

celevon

adjective. of silver

celon

noun. river

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

dûn

noun. west

ecthel

noun. point (of spear)

eden

adjective. new, begun again

edhel

noun. Elf

egnas

noun. sharp point

egnas

noun. peak

egthel

noun. point (of spear)

emil

noun. mother

esgar

noun. shore

ethir

noun. mouth (of a river), estuary

falathren

noun/adjective. of the shore

fend

noun. door, threshold

fenn

noun. door, threshold

gador

noun. prison, dungeon

gadr

noun. prison, dungeon

geil

noun. star, bright spark

giliath

noun. all the host of stars

glamb

noun. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise

glamhoth

noun. barbaric host of Orcs

glamm

noun. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise

glî

noun. honey

golodh

noun. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk

golodhrim

noun. Deep Elves, Gnomes

goroth

noun. horror

gwaith

noun. region, wilderness

gwaun

noun. goose

gweith

noun. region, wilderness

gûl

noun. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things)

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

ho

pronoun. he

hon

pronoun. he

hon(o)

pronoun. he

hono

pronoun. he

i

definite article. the

i

definite article. who

ia

noun. gulf

ia

noun. abyss, void

iaur

adjective. older, former

imlad

noun. deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides (but a flat habitable bottom)

ingem

adjective. old (of person, in mortal sense: decripit, suffering from old age)

New word coined by the Elves after meeting with Men

ist

noun. lore, knowledge

lalf

noun. elm-tree

lalven

noun. elm-tree

lhach

noun. (leaping) flame

lhalorn

noun. elm-tree

lhalwen

noun. elm-tree

lhammas

noun. account of tongues

lhaw

noun. ears (referring to one person's pair of ears only)

lhewig

noun. ear

lhimlug

noun. fish-dragon, sea-serpent

lhorn

noun. quiet water

lhâf

verb. (he) licks

lhôd

verb. (he) floats

lhû

noun. a time, occasion

lhûg

noun. snake, serpent

lorn

noun. haven

mauth

?. [unglossed]

meglin

adjective. honey-eater, bear-like

mell

adjective. dear

ment

noun. point

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

muda-

verb. to labour, toil

muin

adjective. dear

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

na

preposition. to, towards, at

naew

noun. jaw

nag-

verb. to bite

nass

noun. point, (sharp) end

naur

noun. flame

naur

noun. fire

nauth

noun. thought

negra-

verb. to pain

nen

noun. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river)

nûr

adjective. deep

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

orthor

verb. (he) masters, conquers

osgar

verb. (he) cuts, amputates

parf

noun. book

peng

noun. bow (for shooting)

penninar

noun. last day of the year

peth

noun. word

salab

noun. herb

sein

adjective. new

sell

noun. daughter

sell

noun. girl, maid (child)

sirion

noun. great river

síla

verb. (he) shines white

sîr

noun. river

sôg

verb. (he) drinks

tars

noun. labour, task

tass

noun. labour, task

teilia-

verb. to play

teith

noun. mark

thela

noun. point (of spear)

thia

verb. it appears

thost

noun. smell

thû

noun. stench

tiwdi

noun. alphabet

tiwdi

noun. alphabet

tum

noun. deep valley, under or among hills

tâl

noun. foot

tîw

noun. letter

tôg

verb. (he) leads, brings

îr

noun. sexual desire

ûn

noun. creature