cala ("k")noun "light" (KAL). Concerning the "Qenya" verb cala-, see #cal- above.
Primitive elvish
kalat
noun. light
kalma
noun. a light
Quenya
cala
noun. light, light; [ᴱQ.] daytime (sunlight), 12 hours
cala
light
calina
light
calina ("k")adj. "light" (KAL), "bright" (VT42:32) "(literally illumined) sunny, light" (PE17:153) but apparently a noun "light" in coacalina, q.v.
calta-
verb. shine
calta- ("k")vb. "shine" (KAL)
cálë
noun. light
A noun for “light” appearing in the versions of the Markirya poem from the 1960s (MC/222-223).
Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kále “morning” was a derivative of the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44), and kāle was mentioned again Gnomish Lexicon Slips as a cognate of G. gaul “a light” (PE13/114). The form ᴱQ. kale “day” appeared in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, but was deleted (PE14/43). It might also be an element in ᴹQ. yúkale “twilight” (= “both lights”) from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KAL).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d stick to the better attested Q. cala “light”.
cal-
verb. to shine
accal(a)-
verb. shine
shine (suddenly and) brilliantly, blaze
alcar
noun. radiance
radiance, splendour
alta
radiance
alta (2) noun "radiance" (VT42:32, PE17:50). Cf. variant ñalta.
alta
noun. radiance
cal-
verb. shine
#cal- vb. "shine", future tense caluva ("k") "shall shine" _(UT:22 cf. 51). Compare also early "Qenya" cala- ("k")"shine" (LT1:254)_. It is possible that the verbal stem should have a final -a in later Quenya as well, since this vowel would not appear in the future tense caluva (compare valuvar as the pl. future tense of vala-, WJ:404).
cálë
light
cálë ("k")noun "light" (Markirya; in early "Qenya", cálë meant "morning", LT1:254)
fairë
radiance
fairë (3) noun "radiance" (PHAY)
nalta
radiance, glittering reflection
nalta ("ñ")noun "radiance, glittering reflection" (from jewels, glass or polished metals, or water) (PM:347)
sil-
verb. shine
sil- vb. "shine" (white), present tense síla "shines, is shining" (FG); aorist silë, pl. silir (RS:324), frequentative sisíla- (Markirya comments), future tense siluva (VT49:38), dual future siluvat (VT49:44, 45)
Noldorin
calad
noun. light
glaw
noun. radiance
calad
gerund noun. light
gail
noun. bright light
gal-
prefix. light
galad
noun. light
glaur
noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)
glaw
noun. radiance
glor-
noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)
síla-
verb. to shine white
Sindarin
cal-
verb. to shine
aglar
noun. radiance
_n. _radiance, glory. Q. alkar. >> aglareb
calad
gerund noun. light
calad
noun. light
_ n. _light, fire, brightness, shining. >> galad
galad
radiance
galad
noun. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water)
galad
light
_ n. _light, fire, brightness, shining. >> calad, Caras Galadon
calad
light
_(noun) _1) calad (i galad, o chalad), pl. celaid (i chelaid), 2) gaul (i **aul), pl. goel (i ngoel = i ñoel), coll. pl. golath. Note: A homophone means "wolf-howl", but has different mutations. 3) (bright light) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 4) gâl (gal-, -al in compounds, with article i **âl), pl. gail (i ngail = i ñail).
calad
light
(i galad, o chalad), pl. celaid (i chelaid), 2) gaul (i ’aul), pl. goel (i ngoel = i ñoel), coll. pl. golath. Note: A homophone means "wolf-howl", but has different mutations. 3) (bright light) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 4) gâl (gal-, -al in compounds, with article i ’âl), pl. gail (i ngail = i ñail).
gail
light
(adjective) 1) gail (bright), lenited ngail, no distinct pl. form (VT45:18), 2) lim (clear, sparkling), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.
gail
light
(bright), lenited ngail, no distinct pl. form (VT45:18)
galad
radiance
- galad (i ngalad = i ñalad) (bright light, sunlight, brilliance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid), 2) glaw (i **law), pl. gloe (in gloe), 3) thîl; no distinct pl. form, coll. pl. ?thiliath**.
galad
radiance
(i ngalad = i ñalad) (bright light, sunlight, brilliance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid)
glaur
golden light
(i ’laur), pl. gloer (in gloer).
glaw
radiance
(i ’law), pl. gloe (in gloe)
glawar
sunlight
(i ’lawar) (gold, radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair) if there is a pl. (VT41:10)
glóren
shining with golden light
(glórin-) (golden), lenited ’lóren; pl. glórin
glóren
shining with golden light
(glórin-) (golden), lenited ’lóren; pl. glórin.
lim
light
(clear, sparkling), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.
silef
shining white
is listed in LR:385 s.v. SIL as the cognate of Quenya silma of this meaning, but silef is there asterisked, apparently to indicate that it only appears as part of the word Silevril ”Silmaril”. The word silef may also be used = Quenya silima (noun), the crystal substance of the Silmarils.
síla
shine white
(i híla, i sílar) Adj.
thîl
radiance
; no distinct pl. form, coll. pl. ?thiliath.
Telerin
cala
noun. light
sil-
verb. to shine
Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!
Middle Primitive Elvish
kal
root. shine
kalar
root. be radiant
kalat
noun. light
gal
root. shine
glā
noun. radiance
gālæ
noun. light
k’lā
noun. light
Qenya
kalya-
verb. to illuminate
kala
noun. light
kalina
adjective. light
faire
noun. radiance
sil-
verb. to shine
Early Quenya
kalassina
adjective. brazen
A word appearing as ᴱQ. kalaska or [[eq|[kal]assina]] “brazen” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, adjectival forms of ᴱQ. kalas (kalass-) “brass” under the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44).
Neo-Quenya: Since the root √KAL survives in Tolkien’s later writings, I would retain ᴺQ. calassina “brazen, ✱made of brass” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.
kala-
verb. to shine
kal-
verb. to shine
kalaska
adjective. brazen
Early Primitive Elvish
ḷk/kal
root. *glory
kṇðṇ
root. shine
A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√KṆŘṆ “shine” with derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish, such as ᴱQ. kanda- “blaze”, G. cintha- “to light, set alight”, ᴱQ. kanwa “lurid”, and G. cantha “flame” (QL/47; GL/25-26). It may be a variant of ᴱ√KṚN “✱red” (QL/48). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.
kṇřṇ
root. shine
Doriathrin
gôl
noun. light
A (rejected?) Doriathrin noun for “light” derived from primitive ᴹ✶gālæ appearing in The Etymologies (Ety/KAL, EtyAC/KAL). According to Christopher Tolkien’s notes, it was part of a rejected etymology for the name Thingol, but it isn’t clear whether this noun was rejected or if it was just the etymology. Its long primitive vowel [[ilk|[ā] became [ō]]] as was the norm in Ilkorin.
Early Noldorin
glaiw
noun. light
Gnomish
gaul
noun. light
Old Noldorin
phaire
noun. radiance
Primitive adûnaic
nimir
root. shine
A Primitive Adûnaic root glossed “shine” (SD/416), apparently the basis for Nimir “Elf”.
Valarin
ithīr
noun. light
This is the most common Quenya word for “light”, derived from the root √KAL of similar meaning (RGEO/62; PE17/84). It appears in numerous compounds, either in its full form or in a reduced form cal-.
Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. kala appeared all the way back in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “daytime (sunlight), 12 hours” and derived from the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44), but it had the sense “light” in the phrase ᴱQ. i·kal’antúlien “Light hath returned” (LT1/184), and it was given as the cognate of G. gala “light, daylight” in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/37).
ᴹQ. kala “light” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KAL “shine” (Ety/KAL). Somewhat curiously in that document its primitive form was given as ᴹ✶k’lā́ (EtyAC/KAL), a form that also appeared in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1) from the 1930s (PE18/38). Tolkien may have used this variant form to explain N. glaw “radiance” (< ᴹ✶g’lā́), but in later writings S. glaw “sunshine” was derived from √LAW.