Quenya 

osco

cardinal. seven

otos

cardinal. seven

otso

cardinal. seven

otso cardinal "seven" (SA:sîr, OT/OTOS/OTOK, VT48:6); otsëa ordinal "seventh" (VT42:25)

otso

cardinal. seven

Changes

  • otsootos ✧ PE17/095
  • oxootso ✧ VT47/42

Cognates

  • S. odog “seven” ✧ PE17/095; SA/sîr; VT47/42; VT47/42; VT48/06
  • T. otos “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42; VT48/06

Derivations

  • OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42; VT47/42

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
otok > osko[otoko] > [otko] > [oθko] > [osko]✧ VT47/42
otok > otko > osko > oxo[otoko] > [otko] > [oθko] > [osko] > [okso]✧ VT47/42
otos > otso[otso]✧ VT47/42

Variations

  • otos ✧ PE17/095
  • osko ✧ VT47/42
  • oxo ✧ VT47/42 (oxo)
Quenya [PE17/095; PE17/096; SA/sîr; VT47/42; VT48/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

olë

much

olë (1) adv. "much" (PE14:80)

olya

much

olya adj. "much" (PE14:80)

melehta

mighty

melehta adj. "mighty" (PE17:115), cf. meletya

melehta

adjective. mighty

An adjective for “mighty” derived from the root √MBELEK in a page of notes having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s (PE17/115), apparently from the primitive form ✱✶mbelektā (with [kt] > [ht]). A variant form meletya appears with the 2nd-plural possessive suffix -lda as Meletyalda “your mighty” in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/369), likely from the primitive form ✱✶mbelekya (with [kj] > [tj]). This variant form has a more typical primitive adjective suffix ✶-ya, but is inconsistent with the attested Sindarin cognate S. belaith, so I’d stick with melehta for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

Cognates

  • S. belaith “mighty” ✧ PE17/115

Derivations

  • MBELEK “mighty, powerful, strong; power as force or strength; great, large” ✧ PE17/115
    • BEL “*strong, [ᴹ√] strong” ✧ PE17/115

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
mbelek > melehta[mbelekta] > [melekta] > [melexta]✧ PE17/115
Quenya [PE17/115; WJ/369] Group: Eldamo. Published by

meletya

mighty

#meletya adj. "mighty", isolated from meletyalda adjective with suffix "your mighty" = "your majesty" (see -lda; meletya = *"mighty"). In full Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369). Compare melehta.

meletya

adjective. mighty

taura

mighty, masterful

taura adj. "mighty, masterful" (TUR, PE17:115), "very mighty, vast, of unmeasured might or size" (VT39:10). Cf. túrëa.

an-

very

an- (2) intensive or superlative prefix carrying the idea of "very" or "most", seen in ancalima "most bright" (cf. calima "bright"), antara "very high, very lofty" and #anyára "very old" or "oldest" (the latter form occurring in the so-called Elaine inscription [VT49:40], there with the dative ending -n). Assimilated to am- before p-, as in amparca ("k") "very dry", and to al-, ar-, as- before words in l-, r-, s- (though Tolkien seems to indicate that before words in l- derived from earlier d, the original quality of the consonant would be preserved so that forms in and- rather than all- would result). See also un-. (Letters:279, VT45:5, 36) Regarding the form of the superlative prefix before certain consonants, another, partially discrepant system was also set down in the Etymologies and first published in VT45:36. The prefix was to appear as um- or un- before labialized consonants like p-, qu-, v- (the consonant v preserving its ancient pronunciation b- following the prefix, thus producing a word in umb-), as in- (technically -) before c- and g- (the latter presumably referring to words that originally had initial g-, later lost in Quenya but evidently preserved following this prefix), and as an- otherwise. However, this system would contradict the canonical example ancalima, which would have been *incalima if Tolkien had maintained this idea. In a post-LotR source, the basic form of the prefix is given as am- instead (see am- #2). In this late conception, the prefix still appears as an- before most consonants, but as ama- before r, l, and the form an- is used even before s- (whether original or from þ), not the assimilated variant as- described above. General principles would suggest that the form am- should also appear before y- (so the form #anyára probably presupposes an- rather than am- as the basic form of the prefix, Tolkien revisiting the earlier concept in the _Elaine inscription). (PE17:92)_

ita

very, extremely

ita, íta adv. 2) "very, extremely" (PE17:112). Like #1 above, this element emerged as part of Tolkiens efforts to explain the initial element of the name Idril (Q Itaril), so it is questionable if #1 and #2 were ever meant to coexist in the "same" version of Quenya.

lai

very

[lai adverbial particle "very" (VT45:8)]

lai

adverb. very

Derivations

  • DAY “*great”

lio

adverb. much

Derivations

  • LI “many”
Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

Sindarin 

odog

cardinal. seven

Sindarin [Ety/379, VT/42:25, VT/47:42, VT/48:6, PE/17:95] Group: SINDICT. Published by

odog

cardinal. seven

Cognates

  • Q. otso “seven” ✧ PE17/095; SA/sîr; VT47/42; VT47/42; VT48/06

Derivations

  • otoso “seven” ✧ RC/384; VT42/25
  • OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42

Element in

  • S. linnod “type of poetic meter, (lit.) ?seven-chant”
  • ᴺS. odophaen “seventy”
  • ᴺS. odobaen “seventy”
  • S. othui “seventh” ✧ VT42/25
  • ᴺS. paenodog “seventeen”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
Otos > odo-[otoso] > [otoho] > [otoh] > [odoh] > [odo]✧ RC/384
otoso > odo[otoso] > [otoho] > [otoh] > [odoh] > [odo]✧ VT42/25
otok > odog[otoko] > [otok] > [odok] > [odog]✧ VT47/42
otok > odog[otoko] > [otok] > [odok] > [odog]✧ VT47/42

Variations

  • odo- ✧ RC/384
  • odo ✧ SA/sîr; VT42/25; VT42/31 (odo)
  • odo(g) ✧ VT48/06
Sindarin [PE17/095; RC/384; SA/sîr; VT42/25; VT42/31; VT47/42; VT48/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

odog

card

_ card. _seven. Q. otos. >> tolod

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

odo

cardinal. seven

Sindarin [Ety/379, VT/42:25, VT/47:42, VT/48:6, PE/17:95] Group: SINDICT. Published by

odo

cardinal. seven

tolod

card

_ card. _eight. Q. tolto. >> neder

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

tad

card

_ card. _two. Q. atta. Fnel, neledh

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

tad

card

card. two. . This gloss was rejected.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:14] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

cae

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cea. >> caen-, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

caen-

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cainen. >> cae, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

can

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> canad, leben

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

canad

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> can, leben

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

eneg

card

_ card. _six. Q. enque, enc-. >> odog

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

er

card

_ card. _one. Q. er. >> min, tad

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

leben

card

_ card. _five. Q. lepen, lempe. >> eneg

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

min

card

_ card. _one. Q. min. >> er, tad

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

neder

card

_ card. _nine. Q. nerte. >> cae, caen-

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

nel

card

_ card. _three. Q. nelde. Fcan, canad, neledh

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

belaith

adjective. mighty

adj. mighty. Q. melehta.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:115] < BEL, MBEL. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

belaith

adjective. mighty

An adjective for “mighty” derived from the root √MBELEK in a page of notes having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s (PE17/115), apparently from the primitive form ✱✶mbelektā with the ekt vocalizing to eith and then the ei becoming ai in the final syllable.

Cognates

  • Q. melehta “mighty” ✧ PE17/115

Derivations

  • MBELEK “mighty, powerful, strong; power as force or strength; great, large” ✧ PE17/115
    • BEL “*strong, [ᴹ√] strong” ✧ PE17/115

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
mbelek > belaith[mbelektā] > [mbelekta] > [mbelektʰa] > [mbelexθa] > [belexθa] > [beleiθa] > [beleiθ] > [belaiθ]✧ PE17/115
Sindarin [PE17/115] Group: Eldamo. Published by

an-

very

(as adverbial prefix) an-, as in:

an-

very

as in:

odog

cardinal. seven

odog (also odo in Doriathrin Sindarin).

odog

seven

(also odo in Doriathrin Sindarin).

odothui

seventh

othui, also ochui (VT47:42)

dae

very

dae (exceedingly). Lenited dhae.

dae

adverb. very

Derivations

  • DAY “*great”

dae

very

(exceedingly). Lenited dhae.

beleg

mighty

1) beleg (great), lenited veleg, pl. belig; 2) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

beleg

mighty

(great), lenited veleg, pl. belig

taur

mighty

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

Telerin 

otos

cardinal. seven

Changes

  • otok(o)otos(o) “seven” ✧ VT47/42

Cognates

  • Q. otso “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42; VT48/06

Derivations

  • OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42

Variations

  • otok(o) ✧ VT47/42 (otok(o))
  • otos(o) ✧ VT47/42
  • okko ✧ VT47/42
  • osko ✧ VT47/42
Telerin [VT47/42; VT48/06; VT48/21] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Adûnaic

hazad

noun. seven

A number translated as “seven”, appearing in the form hazad in the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247), but in the form hazid in Lowdham’s Report (SD/427-8). Helge Fauskanger suggested (AL/Adûnaic) it may be related to the dwarvish word Khazâd “Dwarves”, who were divided into seven houses.

Element in

Variations

  • hazid ✧ SD/427; SD/428
Adûnaic [SD/247; SD/427; SD/428] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive elvish

otoso

ordinal. seven

Derivations

Derivatives

  • S. odog “seven” ✧ RC/384; VT42/25

Element in

  • otsōyā “seventh” ✧ VT42/25
  • S. Ossir “Seven-rivers” ✧ RC/384
  • S. Ossiriand “Land of Seven Rivers”

Variations

  • Otos ✧ RC/384
Primitive elvish [RC/384; VT42/25] Group: Eldamo. Published by

otos/otok

root. seven

Tolkien used similar Elvish words for “seven” for much of his life. The earliest derivation for this number appears in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where ᴱQ. otso “seven” is given under the root ᴱ√OTO “knock”, though the etymological relationship is unclear and Tolkien marked ᴱQ. otso with a “?”; the root also has the derivatives ᴱQ. otoke “beating of breasts, wailing” and ᴱQ. otto- “knock” (QL/71). G. odin “seven” from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon is probably related (GL/62).

The “knock” sense may have lived on in roots like ᴹ√TON, ᴹ√TAM and √TOM (PE22/103; Ety/TAM; PE17/138), but in The Etymologies of the 1930s, words for “seven” were derived from the root ᴹ√OT with two distinct extensions ᴹ√OTOS and ᴹ√OTOK, producing respectively ᴹQ. otso and N. odog “seven” (Ety/OT). This primitive otos/otok variation reappeared in Tolkien’s writings on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s (VT47/42; VT48/6), though at various points Tolkien considered deriving the Quenya word from ✶otok (VT47/42) and the Sindarin word from ✶otos (RC/384; VT42/25). In his later writings, Tolkien seems to have favored ✶otos as the “true” ancient root for seven, explaining S. odog as variant produced by analogy with other forms like eneg “six” after the final s was lost (VT42/25, 31 note #61).

Derivatives

  • otoso “seven” ✧ VT42/24
    • S. odog “seven” ✧ RC/384; VT42/25
  • Q. otso “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42; VT47/42
  • S. odog “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42
  • ᴺS. odob “seventeen”
  • ᴺS. odoph “seventeen”
  • T. otos “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42

Variations

  • ot-os ✧ VT42/24; VT48/10
  • otos ✧ VT47/12; VT47/15; VT47/16; VT47/16; VT47/42
  • otok ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42 (otok)
Primitive elvish [VT42/24; VT47/12; VT47/15; VT47/16; VT47/42; VT48/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

odog

cardinal. seven

Noldorin [Ety/379, VT/42:25, VT/47:42, VT/48:6, PE/17:95] Group: SINDICT. Published by

odog

cardinal. seven

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. otso “seven” ✧ Ety/OT

Derivations

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√OT/OTOS/OTOK > odog[otoko] > [otok] > [odok] > [odog]✧ Ety/OT

dae

adverb. very

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. lai “very” ✧ EtyAC/DAƷ

Derivations

  • ᴹ√DAƷ “great” ✧ EtyAC/DAƷ

Element in

  • N. Daedhelos “Shadow of Fear” ✧ EtyAC/DAƷ (Daedeloth)

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√DAƷ > dae[dai] > [dae]✧ EtyAC/DAƷ

Variations

  • dae ✧ EtyAC/DAƷ (dae)
Noldorin [EtyAC/DAƷ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

taur

adjective. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime

Noldorin [Ety/395] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

otso

cardinal. seven

Cognates

  • N. odog “seven” ✧ Ety/OT

Derivations

Element in

  • ᴹQ. Otselen “Seven Stars” ✧ Ety/OT

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√OT/OTOS/OTOK > otso[otso]✧ Ety/OT

taura

adjective. mighty

Cognates

  • N. taur “vast, mighty, overwhelming, awful, huge; high, sublime” ✧ Ety/TUR

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶taurā “masterful, mighty” ✧ Ety/TUR
    • ᴹ√TUR “power, control, mastery, victory” ✧ Ety/TĀ; Ety/TÁWAR; Ety/TUR

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶taurā > taura[taurā] > [taura]✧ Ety/TUR

lai

adverb. very

Cognates

  • N. dae “very” ✧ EtyAC/DAƷ

Derivations

  • ᴹ√DAƷ “great” ✧ EtyAC/DAƷ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√DAƷ > lai[dai] > [lai]✧ EtyAC/DAƷ

Middle Primitive Elvish

ot/otos/otok

root. seven

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. otso “seven” ✧ Ety/OT
  • N. odog “seven” ✧ Ety/OT

Element in

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/OT] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ala-

prefix. very

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ALA “spread‽”

Element in

Middle Primitive Elvish [PE21/41] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

odog

adjective. mighty, great; violent, excessive, exceeding, very

Element in

Gnomish [GL/51; GL/62] Group: Eldamo. Published by

odra

adverb. very

polodrin

adjective. mighty

A word appearing as G. polodrin “mighty” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjective form of G. polod “power, might, authority” (GL/64). It had an archaic variant {poldurin >>} †polurin or polorin which was sometimes used as a sobriquet for Tulcus.

Neo-Sindarin: Since ᴹ√POL(OD) still had to do with “strength” in Tolkien’s later writings, I’d adapt this word as ᴺS. polodhren “mighty, ✱powerful” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin using the later Sindarin adjective -ren. Given the meanings of its base noun (including authority), I’d assume this adjective has a connotation of political power. I’d constrast it with S. belaith which I’d use for “mighty” in general (independent of authority).

Changes

  • poldurinpolurin ✧ GL/64

Cognates

  • Eq. poldórea “muscular, powerful” ✧ GL/64

Variations

  • polurin ✧ GL/64 (polurin)
  • polorin ✧ GL/64 (polorin)
  • poldurin ✧ GL/64 (poldurin)
Gnomish [GL/64; LT1A/Poldórëa] Group: Eldamo. Published by

baldrin

adjective. mighty

Early Noldorin

odog

adjective. much, abundant; large in quantity

Element in

Early Noldorin [PE13/125; PE13/128; PE13/151; PE13/160] Group: Eldamo. Published by

agos

adverb. very

Changes

  • agasagos ✧ PE13/124

Element in

Variations

  • agas ✧ PE13/124 (agas)
Early Noldorin [PE13/124] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

olda

adjective. much

otso

cardinal. seven

Derivations

  • ᴱ√OTO “knock” ✧ QL/071

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√OTO > otso[otsō] > [otso]✧ QL/071
Early Quenya [PE14/049; PE14/082; PE15/32; PME/071; QL/071] Group: Eldamo. Published by

olt

adjective. much

Derivations

  • ᴱ√OLO “*increase, more” ✧ QL/069

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√OLO² > olt[olt]✧ QL/069
Early Quenya [QL/069] Group: Eldamo. Published by

olwa

adjective. much

olya

adverb. much

Derivations

  • ᴱ√OLO “*increase, more” ✧ QL/069

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√OLO² > olda[oldā] > [olda]✧ QL/069

Variations

  • olda ✧ QL/069
  • olwa ✧ QL/069
Early Quenya [PE14/048; PE14/080; PE15/75; QL/069] Group: Eldamo. Published by

túrea

adjective. mighty

Variations

  • tūrea ✧ QL/095 (tūrea)
Early Quenya [QL/095] Group: Eldamo. Published by