cainen

cardinal. ten

[cainen] ("k") cardinal "ten" (KAYAN/KAYAR). According to VT48:12, Tolkien eventually rejected this word (cainen would only mean "I lay", sc. the pa.t. cainë with the ending -n "I"). See quain, quëan.

cainen

cardinal. ten

cëa

cardinal. ten

[cëa, cëan ("k") cardinal "ten", forms Tolkien later abandoned in favour of quain or quëan. An adjectival form caina ("k") was also listed, but must likewise be considered obsolete. (VT48:12-13, VT49:54)]

cemi

earth, soil, land

cemi noun "earth, soil, land"; Cémi ("k")"Mother Earth" (LT1:257; the "Qenya" word cemi would correspond to cemen in LotR-style Quenya)

cëa(n)

cardinal. ten

Cognates

• S. caen “ten” ✧ PE17/095

Derivations

• √KAYAN “ten” ✧ VT48/12

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√kayan > kea(n)	[kajan] > [kean]	✧ VT48/12

Variations

• këa ✧ PE17/095
• kainen ✧ PE17/095
• kea(n) ✧ VT48/12

mar

earth

mar (1) noun "earth" (world), also "home, dwelling, mansion". Stem mard- (VT46:13, PE17:64), also seen in the ablative Mardello "from earth" (FS); the word is used with a more limited sense in oromardi "high halls" (sg. oromar, PM17:64), referring to the dwellings of Manwë and Varda on Mt. Taniquetil (Nam, RGEO:66). The initial element of Mardorunando (q.v.) may be the genitive mardo (distinguish mardo "dweller"). May be more or less identical to már "home, house, dwelling" (of persons or peoples; in names like Val(i)mar, Vinyamar, Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil) (SA:bar, VT45:33, VT47:6). Már is however unlikely to have the stem-form mard-; a "Qenya" genitive maren appears in the phrase hon-maren, q.v., suggesting that its stem is mar-. A possible convention could therefore be to use már (mar-) for "home, house" (also when = household, family as in Mardil, q.v.), whereas mar (mard-) is used for for "earth, world". Early "Qenya" has mar (mas-) "dwelling of men, the Earth, -land" (LT1:251); notice that in LotR-style Quenya, a word in -r cannot have a stem-form in -s-.

quain

cardinal. ten

quain cardinal "ten" (also quëan); quainëa ordinal "tenth" (VT48:6, 20; VT42:25). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen in Tolkiens conception.

quain

cardinal. ten

Element in

• ᴺQ. quaista “one tenth”

quëan

cardinal. ten

quëan cardinal "ten", also quain (VT48:6, 12, 20). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen in Tolkiens conception.

quëan

cardinal. ten

Cognates

• S. pae “ten” ✧ VT48/06
• T. pai(n) “ten” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

• ✶kwayam “10”
  • √KWAY “ten” ✧ VT42/24

Element in

• ᴺQ. canquain “forty”
• ᴺQ. canaquain “forty”
• ᴺQ. canaquëan “forty”
• ᴺQ. enenquain “sixty”
• ᴺQ. enenquëan “sixty”
• ᴺQ. lepenquain “fifty”
• ᴺQ. lepenquëan “fifty”
• ᴺQ. nelquain “thirty”
• ᴺQ. nelequain “thirty”
• ᴺQ. nelequëan “thirty”
• ᴺQ. neterquain “ninety”
• ᴺQ. neterquëan “ninety”
• ᴺQ. otoquain “seventy”
• ᴺQ. otoquëan “seventy”
• ᴺQ. quaihúmë “ten thousand, myriad”
• Q. quainëa “tenth”
• ᴺQ. quëallumë “ten times”
• ᴺQ. tolquain “eighty”
• ᴺQ. toloquain “eighty”
• ᴺQ. toloquëan “eighty”
• ᴺQ. yuquain “twenty”
• ᴺQ. yúquëan “twenty”

Variations

• quean ✧ VT48/06; VT48/20
• quain ✧ VT48/06; VT48/20

kemen

earth

kemen noun "earth"; see cemen.

cae

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

cae

cardinal. ten

cae

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cea. >> caen-, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

caen

cardinal. ten

Cognates

• Q. cëa(n) “ten” ✧ PE17/095

Element in

• S. nelchaenen “*thirtieth”
• S. caenui “tenth”

Variations

• caen-/cae ✧ PE17/095

caen-

cardinal. ten

caen-

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cainen. >> cae, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

can

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> canad, leben

pae

cardinal. ten

pae

cardinal. ten

Cognates

• Q. quëan “ten” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

• ✶kwayam “10”
  • √KWAY “ten” ✧ VT42/24

Element in

• ᴺS. caphaen “forty”
• ᴺS. enephaen “sixty”
• ᴺS. lephaen “fifty”
• ᴺS. nederphaen “ninety”
• ᴺS. nelphaen “thirty”
• ᴺS. odophaen “seventy”
• ᴺS. odobaen “seventy”
• ᴺS. paedolodh “eighteen”
• ᴺS. paegan “fourteen”
• ᴺS. paeleben “fifteen”
• ᴺS. paeneder “nineteen”
• ᴺS. paeneg “sixteen”
• ᴺS. paenel “thirteen”
• ᴺS. paenodog “seventeen”
• S. paenui “tenth” ✧ VT42/25
• ᴺS. taphaen “twenty”
• ᴺS. tolophaen “eighty”

Variations

• pae(an) ✧ VT48/21

canad

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> can, leben

eneg

card

_ card. _six. Q. enque, enc-. >> odog

er

card

_ card. _one. Q. er. >> min, tad

leben

card

_ card. _five. Q. lepen, lempe. >> eneg

min

card

_ card. _one. Q. min. >> er, tad

neder

card

_ card. _nine. Q. nerte. >> cae, caen-

nel

card

_ card. _three. Q. nelde. Fcan, canad, neledh

odog

card

_ card. _seven. Q. otos. >> tolod

tad

card

_ card. _two. Q. atta. Fnel, neledh

tad

card

card. two. . This gloss was rejected.

tolod

card

_ card. _eight. Q. tolto. >> neder

ceven

noun. Earth

paean

cardinal. ten

ennorath

noun. central lands, middle-earth

cae

noun. earth

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”

cae

earth

(i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also

pae

cardinal. ten

pae (the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).

pae

ten

(the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).

ceven

earth

1) ceven (i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23), 2) (world) Amar (archaic Ambar), pl. Emair; 3) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds. 4) (maybe ”earth” as substance) cae (i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also SOIL.

ceven

earth

(i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23)

paenui

tenth

.

amar

earth

(archaic Ambar), pl. Emair

bâr

earth

(dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

ennor

place name. central land, middle-earth

pai(n)

cardinal. ten

Changes

• paya(n) → pai(n) ✧ VT48/21

Cognates

• Q. quëan “ten” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

• ✶kwayam “10”
  • √KWAY “ten” ✧ VT42/24

Variations

• paya(n) ✧ VT48/21 (paya(n))

dâira

noun. Earth

A noun translated as “Earth” in the final version of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247). It may be related to S. dôr “land”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynn (AAD/13).

Conceptual Development: In the Lament of Akallabêth (first draft), this noun appeared as kamāt (SD/311).

Element in

• Ad. Bârim an-Adûn yurahtam dâira sâibêth-mâ Êruvô “Lords of [the] West, they rent [the] Earth with assent from Eru” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. bārun an-adūn {urahhata >>} urahta dāira sāibēth-mā ēruvō ✧ SD/247

Variations

• dāira ✧ SD/247

kayan

root. ten

Derivatives

• Q. quainëa “tenth” ✧ VT48/12
• Q. cëa(n) “ten” ✧ VT48/12

Element in

• Q. caista “one tenth”

Variations

• kayan ✧ VT48/12

kway

root. ten

A root Tolkien introduced in the late 1960s as the basis for his latest Elvish word for “ten”: Q. quëan/quain, S. pae, T. pai(n) (VT42/24; VT48/6). It was an extension of √KWA “complete” as in “a complete set of (10) fingers”. Prior this late change, the usual word for “ten” was ᴹQ. kainen (along with other variants beginning with kai- or kea-) from the root ᴹ√KAYAN or ᴹ√KAYAR as it appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KAYAN). This basis for “ten” dates back to the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/49, PE14/82). Tolkien was still considering √KAYAN for “10” in the late 1960s before replacing it with √KWAY(AM) (VT48/12).

Derivatives

• ✶kwayam “10” ✧ VT42/24
  • Q. quëan “ten”
  • S. pae “ten”
  • T. pai(n) “ten”

Variations

• kwaya ✧ VT42/24; VT42/24

keme

noun. earth

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”

Variations

• kĕmĕ ✧ PE21/80 (kĕmĕ)

kemen

noun. earth

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”

Derivatives

• Q. cemen “the earth; earth, the earth; earth, [ᴹQ.] soil”
• S. ceven “Earth, earth; Earth”

caer

cardinal. ten

caer

cardinal. ten

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kainen “ten” ✧ Ety/KAYAN

Derivations

• ᴹ√KAYAN “ten” ✧ Ety/KAYAN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KAYAR > caer	[kajra] > [kaira] > [kair] > [kaer]	✧ Ety/KAYAN

Variations

• caer ✧ Ety/KAYAN; EtyAC/KAYAN

coe

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

coe

noun. earth

An indeclinable word given as {cíw >>} coe “earth” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KEM (Ety/KEM; EtyAC/KEM).

Possible Etymology: The primitive form of rejected cíw is given as ᴹ✶kēm and its derivation is clear: the long ē became ī and then the final m reduced to w after i as usual. The derivation of coe is more obscure, however. The likeliest explanation is that Tolkien imagined its ancient form with a slightly lowered vowel which he generally represented as ǣ in this period (in later writings as ę̄). According to the first version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Comparative Vowel Tables from the 1930s (PE18/46; PE19/25), ǣ > ei > ai > ae, and in The Etymologies itself, it seems ai often became oe instead of ae.

Neo-Sindarin: Updating the derivation of hypothetical ✱kę̄m would produced ᴺS. cae in Sindarin phonology. But given the obscurity of its derivation, I recommend using 1950s S. ceven for “earth” instead.

Changes

• cíw → coe ✧ Ety/KEM

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kemen “soil, earth; Great Lands” ✧ Ety/KEM

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” ✧ Ety/KEM
• ᴹ✶kēm “*earth” ✧ EtyAC/KEM
  • ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” ✧ Ety/KEM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KEM > coe	[kǣm] > [kaim] > [kai] > [koe]	✧ Ety/KEM
ᴹ✶kēm > cíw	[kēm] > [kīm] > [kīv] > [kīw]	✧ EtyAC/KEM

Variations

• cíw ✧ EtyAC/KEM (cíw)

amar

noun. earth

amar

noun. Earth

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Ambar “Earth, World” ✧ Ety/MBAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√MBAR “dwell, inhabit” ✧ Ety/MBAR
  • ᴹ√BAR “raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)” ✧ Ety/BAR

Element in

• N. Emerin “Middle-earth” ✧ Ety/MBAR
• N. Gondobar “Stone of the World” ✧ Ety/MBAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBAR > ambar > amar	[ambar] > [ambar] > [ammar] > [amar]	✧ Ety/MBAR

ambar

noun. earth