cainen

cardinal. ten

[cainen] ("k") cardinal "ten" (KAYAN/KAYAR). According to VT48:12, Tolkien eventually rejected this word (cainen would only mean "I lay", sc. the pa.t. cainë with the ending -n "I"). See quain, quëan.

cainen

cardinal. ten

cëa(n)

cardinal. ten

Cognates

• S. caen “ten” ✧ PE17/095

Derivations

• √KAYAN “ten” ✧ VT48/12

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√kayan > kea(n)	[kajan] > [kean]	✧ VT48/12

Variations

• këa ✧ PE17/095
• kainen ✧ PE17/095
• kea(n) ✧ VT48/12

cëa

cardinal. ten

[cëa, cëan ("k") cardinal "ten", forms Tolkien later abandoned in favour of quain or quëan. An adjectival form caina ("k") was also listed, but must likewise be considered obsolete. (VT48:12-13, VT49:54)]

quain

cardinal. ten

quain cardinal "ten" (also quëan); quainëa ordinal "tenth" (VT48:6, 20; VT42:25). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen in Tolkiens conception.

quain

cardinal. ten

Element in

• ᴺQ. quaista “one tenth”

quëan

cardinal. ten

quëan cardinal "ten", also quain (VT48:6, 12, 20). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen in Tolkiens conception.

quëan

cardinal. ten

Cognates

• S. pae “ten” ✧ VT48/06
• T. pai(n) “ten” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

• ✶kwayam “10”
  • √KWAY “ten” ✧ VT42/24

Element in

• ᴺQ. canquain “forty”
• ᴺQ. canaquain “forty”
• ᴺQ. canaquëan “forty”
• ᴺQ. enenquain “sixty”
• ᴺQ. enenquëan “sixty”
• ᴺQ. lepenquain “fifty”
• ᴺQ. lepenquëan “fifty”
• ᴺQ. nelquain “thirty”
• ᴺQ. nelequain “thirty”
• ᴺQ. nelequëan “thirty”
• ᴺQ. neterquain “ninety”
• ᴺQ. neterquëan “ninety”
• ᴺQ. otoquain “seventy”
• ᴺQ. otoquëan “seventy”
• ᴺQ. quaihúmë “ten thousand, myriad”
• Q. quainëa “tenth”
• ᴺQ. quëallumë “ten times”
• ᴺQ. tolquain “eighty”
• ᴺQ. toloquain “eighty”
• ᴺQ. toloquëan “eighty”
• ᴺQ. yuquain “twenty”
• ᴺQ. yúquëan “twenty”

Variations

• quean ✧ VT48/06; VT48/20
• quain ✧ VT48/06; VT48/20

caen-

cardinal. ten

caen-

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cainen. >> cae, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

caen

cardinal. ten

Cognates

• Q. cëa(n) “ten” ✧ PE17/095

Element in

• S. nelchaenen “*thirtieth”
• S. caenui “tenth”

Variations

• caen-/cae ✧ PE17/095

cae

cardinal. ten

cae

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cea. >> caen-, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

can

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> canad, leben

canad

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> can, leben

paean

cardinal. ten

pae

cardinal. ten

pae

cardinal. ten

Cognates

• Q. quëan “ten” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

• ✶kwayam “10”
  • √KWAY “ten” ✧ VT42/24

Element in

• ᴺS. caphaen “forty”
• ᴺS. enephaen “sixty”
• ᴺS. lephaen “fifty”
• ᴺS. nederphaen “ninety”
• ᴺS. nelphaen “thirty”
• ᴺS. odophaen “seventy”
• ᴺS. odobaen “seventy”
• ᴺS. paedolodh “eighteen”
• ᴺS. paegan “fourteen”
• ᴺS. paeleben “fifteen”
• ᴺS. paeneder “nineteen”
• ᴺS. paeneg “sixteen”
• ᴺS. paenel “thirteen”
• ᴺS. paenodog “seventeen”
• S. paenui “tenth” ✧ VT42/25
• ᴺS. taphaen “twenty”
• ᴺS. tolophaen “eighty”

Variations

• pae(an) ✧ VT48/21

eneg

card

_ card. _six. Q. enque, enc-. >> odog

er

card

_ card. _one. Q. er. >> min, tad

leben

card

_ card. _five. Q. lepen, lempe. >> eneg

min

card

_ card. _one. Q. min. >> er, tad

neder

card

_ card. _nine. Q. nerte. >> cae, caen-

nel

card

_ card. _three. Q. nelde. Fcan, canad, neledh

odog

card

_ card. _seven. Q. otos. >> tolod

tad

card

_ card. _two. Q. atta. Fnel, neledh

tad

card

card. two. . This gloss was rejected.

tolod

card

_ card. _eight. Q. tolto. >> neder

paenui

tenth

.

pae

cardinal. ten

pae (the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).

pae

ten

(the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).

pai(n)

cardinal. ten

Changes

• paya(n) → pai(n) ✧ VT48/21

Cognates

• Q. quëan “ten” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

• ✶kwayam “10”
  • √KWAY “ten” ✧ VT42/24

Variations

• paya(n) ✧ VT48/21 (paya(n))

kayan

root. ten

Derivatives

• Q. quainëa “tenth” ✧ VT48/12
• Q. cëa(n) “ten” ✧ VT48/12

Element in

• Q. caista “one tenth”

Variations

• kayan ✧ VT48/12

kway

root. ten

A root Tolkien introduced in the late 1960s as the basis for his latest Elvish word for “ten”: Q. quëan/quain, S. pae, T. pai(n) (VT42/24; VT48/6). It was an extension of √KWA “complete” as in “a complete set of (10) fingers”. Prior this late change, the usual word for “ten” was ᴹQ. kainen (along with other variants beginning with kai- or kea-) from the root ᴹ√KAYAN or ᴹ√KAYAR as it appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KAYAN). This basis for “ten” dates back to the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/49, PE14/82). Tolkien was still considering √KAYAN for “10” in the late 1960s before replacing it with √KWAY(AM) (VT48/12).

Derivatives

• ✶kwayam “10” ✧ VT42/24
  • Q. quëan “ten”
  • S. pae “ten”
  • T. pai(n) “ten”

Variations

• kwaya ✧ VT42/24; VT42/24

caer

cardinal. ten

caer

cardinal. ten

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kainen “ten” ✧ Ety/KAYAN

Derivations

• ᴹ√KAYAN “ten” ✧ Ety/KAYAN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KAYAR > caer	[kajra] > [kaira] > [kair] > [kaer]	✧ Ety/KAYAN

Variations

• caer ✧ Ety/KAYAN; EtyAC/KAYAN