can

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> canad, leben

canad

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> can, leben

canad

cardinal. four

cant

noun. shape, shape; [N.] outline

canthui

ordinal. fourth

can-

verb. to cry out, shout, call

canad

cardinal. four

canath

noun. "quarter", silver coin used in Gondor, the fourth part of a "mirian"

canath

noun. quarter

cand

adjective. bold

canhui

ordinal. fourth

canhui

ordinal. fourth

canthui

ordinal. fourth

cantui

ordinal. fourth

cantui

ordinal. fourth

caen-

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cainen. >> cae, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

can

shout

can- (i gân, i chenir) (cry out, call). Adj.

can

cry out

can- (i gân, i chenir) (shout, call). Compare CALL OUT. (noun),

can

shout

(i gân, i chenir) (cry out, call). Adj.

can

cry out

(i gân, i chenir) (shout, call). Compare

caun

shout

(i gaun, o chaun) (clamour, outcry, cry), pl. coen (i choen), coll. pl. conath, the latter is used = "lamentation" (PM:345, 362). Note: a homophone of caun means "valour".

caun

shout

(noun) caun (i gaun, o chaun) (clamour, outcry, cry), pl. coen (i choen), coll. pl. conath, the latter is used = "lamentation" (PM:345, 362). Note: a homophone of caun means "valour".

caun

cry

(noun) caun (i gaun, o chaun) (clamour, outcry, shout), pl. coen (i choen), coll. pl. conath, the latter often used = "lamentation" (PM:345, 362). Note: a homophone of caun means "valour".

caun

cry

(i gaun, o chaun) (clamour, outcry, shout), pl. coen (i choen), coll. pl. conath, the latter often used = "lamentation" (PM:345, 362). Note: a homophone of caun means "valour".

canad

cardinal. four

canad;

canath

farthing

canath (i ganath, o chanath) (fourth part), pl. cenaith (i chenaith). As coin, the fourth part of a mirian. (PM:45)

canath

fourth part

canath (i ganath, o chanath) (farthing), pl. cenaith (i chenaith). As coin, the fourth part of the more valuable coin called mirian. (PM:45)

canath

fourth part

canath (i ganath, o chanath) (farthing), pl. cenaith (i chenaith). As coin, the fourth part of a mirian. (PM:45)

cannas

shaping

cannas (i gannas, o channas), pl. cennais (i chennais), coll. pl. cannassath

cannas

shaping

(i gannas, o channas), pl. cennais (i chennais), coll. pl. cannassath

cannui

fourth

. The reading in VT42:25  is "canthui", but the phonology presupposed in LotR would require ✱cannui. David Salo regards "canthui" as a dialectal form.

cannui

fourth

*cannui*. _The reading in VT42:25 is "canthui", but the phonology presupposed in LotR would require _cannui**. David Salo regards "canthui" as a dialectal form.

cant

shape

(noun) cant (i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i **chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint**; see SHADOW.

cant

outline

cant (i gant, o chant) (shape), pl. caint (i **chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint**; see SHADOW.

canab

cardinal. fourteen

canad

four

;

canath

fourth part

(i ganath, o chanath) (farthing), pl. cenaith (i chenaith). As coin, the fourth part of the more valuable coin called mirian. (PM:45)

canath

farthing

(i ganath, o chanath) (fourth part), pl. cenaith (i chenaith). As coin, the fourth part of a mirian. (PM:45)

cand

adjective. bold

cand

bold

(lenited gand, pl. caind)

cant

shape

(i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint; see SHADOW.

cant

outline

(i gant, o chant) (shape), pl. caint (i chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint; see

pol-

verb. can

nel

card

_ card. _three. Q. nelde. Fcan, canad, neledh

lígu

noun. candle

A neologism for “candle” coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo, the equivalent of Q. lícuma “candle”.

daedelu

canopy

1) daedelu (i dhaedelu), pl. daedely (i naedhely), 2) orthelian (pl. ortheliain)

daedelu

canopy

(i dhaedelu), pl. daedely (i naedhely)

orthelian

canopy

(pl. ortheliain)**

beren

bold

1) beren (lenited veren), pl. berin. Also used as masc. name Beren. 2) cand (lenited gand, pl. caind)

lîg

noun. wax

A neologism for “wax” coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo, the equivalent of Q. líco “wax”.

paegan

cardinal. fourteen

auth

noun. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition

beren

masculine name. Bold

Hero of Beleriand and love of Lúthien who wrested a Silmaril from the crown of Morgoth (S/162). His name is simply [N.] beren “bold” used as a name.

Conceptual Development: The name G. Beren dates back to the earliest Lost Tales, though in the earliest stories he was a Noldorin Elf instead of a Man (LT2/11). The name N. Beren appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a derivative of ᴹ√BER alongside N. beren “bold” (Ety/BER), which is the source of the derivation given above.

cadu

adjective. shaped, formed

cae

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cea. >> caen-, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

cened

ordinal. four

cidinn

?. [unglossed]

cinnog

?. [unglossed]

eneg

card

_ card. _six. Q. enque, enc-. >> odog

er

card

_ card. _one. Q. er. >> min, tad

fân

shape

_n._shape, with the added notion of light and whiteness. It was thus often used where we might use 'a vision' (of something beautiful and sublime). Q. fana-. Tolkien notes that "Yet being elvish, though it may be used of things remote, it has no implication either of uncertainty or unreality" (PE17:26). In the name Fanuilos of Elbereth, the Fân was the vision of majesty of Elbereth upon the mountain where she dwelt.

gladh-

verb. to laugh

lach

noun. (leaping) flame

lacha-

verb. to flame

lacho

verb. flame!

lad

noun. plain, valley

lalaith

noun. laughter

lalaith

feminine name. Laughter

Name of Túrin’s deceased sister, translated “Laughter” (S/198). It is apparently the noun lalaith used as a name.

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion revisions from the late 1950s, her name was changed to Lalaeth (MR/374), but that was not the name Christopher Tolkien used in the published Silmarillion.

lalaith

noun. laughter

lanc

noun. sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end (as a cliff-edge, or the clean edge of things made by hand or built)

leben

card

_ card. _five. Q. lepen, lempe. >> eneg

lebent

noun. fourth finger

A name for the fourth finger in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from 1968, cognate to Q. lepente (VT48/5). Its initial element is derived from of ✶lepe “finger” and its second element is likely related to Q. net(ë) “one more [beyond the middle]” (VT47/15), as suggested by Patrick Wynne (VT48/14-15 note #5).

madu

?. [unglossed]

maed

adjective. shapely

maed

adjective. shapely, shapely, *pretty

maud

?. [unglossed]

min

card

_ card. _one. Q. min. >> er, tad

nalla-

verb. to cry

nallon

verb. I cry

naur

noun. flame

naur

noun. fire

neder

card

_ card. _nine. Q. nerte. >> cae, caen-

odog

card

_ card. _seven. Q. otos. >> tolod

rîw

noun. edge, hem, border

sael

adjective. wise

sael

adjective. wise

tad

card

_ card. _two. Q. atta. Fnel, neledh

tad

card

card. two. . This gloss was rejected.

talu

adjective. flat

thîr

noun. face, face, [N.] look, expression, countenance

A word appearing as an element in the name Caranthir “Red-face”, derived from primitive ✶stīrē (VT41/10), which was likely tied to the root √TIR “watch”.

Conceptual Development: The same noun N. thîr appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the glosses “look, face, expression, countenance”, but there it was derived from the root ᴹ√THĒ “look (see or seem)” (Ety/THĒ). Earlier “face” words include G. gwint from the 1910s (GL/46) and ᴱN. ant from the 1920s with more elaborate form ᴱN. annas (PE13/137, 160).

tolod

card

_ card. _eight. Q. tolto. >> neder

adel

behind

(adv. and prep) adel; as prep. probably followed by soft mutation.

adel

behind

; as prep. probably followed by soft mutation.

beren

bold

(lenited veren), pl. berin. Also used as masc. name Beren.

cadu

shaped

cadu (formed) (lenited gadu, analogical pl. cedy). May appear in lenited form -gadu at the end of compounds. Archaic cadw.

cadu

shaped

(formed) (lenited gadu, analogical pl. cedy). May appear in lenited form -gadu at the end of compounds. Archaic cadw.

cadwar

shapely

1) cadwar (lenited gadwar, pl. cedwair), also cadwor (lenited gadwor, pl. cadwoer). Archaic *cadwaur. 2) maed (lenited vaed; no distinct pl. form) (handy). Note: a homophone means ”skilled, handy”.

cadwar

shapely

(lenited gadwar, pl. cedwair), also cadwor (lenited gadwor, pl. cadwoer). Archaic ✱cadwaur.

cû

bow

1) (noun) cû (i gû, o chû) (arch, crescent), pl. cui (i chui), 2) (bow for shooting) peng (i beng, o pheng), pl. ping (i phing),

echad

shape

(verb) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

echad

shape

(i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

galadhremmen

tree-tangled

(pl. galadhremmin) (word used to describe the woodlands of Middle-earth)

gladha

laugh

(verb) gladha- (i **ladha, in gladhar**)

gladha

laugh

(i ’ladha, in gladhar)

glam

shouting

(i ’lam) (din, uproar, confused yelling of beasts; tumult, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath

idhren

wise

idhren (pondering, thoughtful), pl. idhrin. 4) goll (lenited ngoll, pl. gyll). 5) golwen (learned in deep arts), lenited ngolwen, pl. gelwin (archaic *gölwin)

idhren

wise

(pondering, thoughtful), pl. idhrin. 4) goll (lenited ngoll, pl. gyll). 5) golwen (learned in deep arts), lenited ngolwen, pl. gelwin (archaic ✱gölwin)

lach

flame

(noun) 1) lach (leaping flame), pl. laich; 2) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (fire, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath, 3) rill (construct ril) (brilliance, glittering reflected light), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).

lach

flame

(leaping flame), pl. laich;  2) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (fire, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath, 3) rill (construct ril) (brilliance, glittering reflected light), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).

lacha

flame

(verb) *lacha- (i lacha, i lachar). Only the imperative form lacho is attested.

lacha

flame

(i lacha, i lachar). Only the imperative form lacho is attested.

lachenn

flame-eyed

pl. lachinn *(WJ:384, there cited in archaic form lachend)*.

laden

flat

1) laden (plain, wide, open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT), 2) *talu (lenited dalu, analogical pl. tely). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” dalw (LR:353 s.v. DAL; notice how dalath from the same root was changed to talath in Sindarin).

laden

flat

(plain, wide, open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

laden

plain

(adjective) laden (flat, wide, open, cleared), pl. ledin (suggested Sindarin forms for ”Noldorin” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

laden

plain

(flat,  wide, open, cleared), pl. ledin (suggested Sindarin forms for ”Noldorin” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

lalaith

laughter

lalaith; no distinct pl. form..

lalaith

laughter

; no distinct pl. form..

lall

noun. laugh

lanc

sharp edge

(sudden end, brink), pl. lainc, coll. pl. langath. Note: homophones mean ”naked” and also ”neck, throat”.

linnas

noun. music

lâd

plain

(valley, lowland), construct lad, pl. laid

maed

shapely

(lenited vaed; no distinct pl. form) (handy). Note: a homophone means ”skilled, handy”.

nalla

cry

(i nalla, in nallar). Attested in the 1st person present-tense form nallon ”

noen

wise

(sensible). Pl. form (if any) uncertain. The archaic form of the word is given as nohen (VT46:7), which would have the pl. form nöhin. If the regular change of ö to e occured before the loss of h, the pl. form of noen could be nain for older nein.

nîf

face

1) nîf (construct nif) (front). No distinct pl. form. 2) thîr (look, expression, countenance) (VT41:10)

nîf

face

(construct nif) (front). No distinct pl. form.

orthel

roof

(verb.) orthel- (i orthel, in erthelir for archaic in örthelir) (screen above);

orthel

roof

(i orthel, in erthelir for archaic in örthelir) (screen above); 

remmen

tangled

remmen (woven, netted), pl. #remmin attested (as part of the phrase galadhremmin ennorath, LotR Appendix E): TREE-TANGLED *galadhremmen (pl. galadhremmin) (word used to describe the woodlands of Middle-earth)

remmen

tangled

(woven, netted), pl. #remmin attested (as part of the phrase galadhremmin ennorath, LotR Appendix E):

ruin

red flame

(no distinct pl. form except with article: idh ruin) (blazing fire). Also used as an adj. ”fiery red, burning”. (Silm app, entry ruin; PM:366)

rîw

edge

*rîw (construct riw) (hem, border), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

rîw

edge

(construct riw) (hem, border), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

sael

wise

1) sael (lenited hael; no distinct pl. form), 2) noen (sensible). Pl. form (if any) uncertain. The archaic form of the word is given as nohen (VT46:7), which would have the pl. form nöhin. If the regular change of ö to e occured before the loss of h, the pl. form of noen could be nain for older nein. 3)

sael

wise

(lenited hael; no distinct pl. form)

talath

flat surface

(i dalath, o thalath) (plane, flatlands, plain, [wide] valley), pl. telaith (i thelaith). Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath, LR:353 s.v. DAL. Compare the Talath Dirnen or ”Guarded Plain” mentioned in the Silmarillion.

talath

plain

(noun) 1) talath (i dalath, o thalath) (flat surface, plane, flatlands, [wide] valley), pl. telaith (i thelaith). Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath_, LR:353 s.v.

talath

plain

(i dalath, o thalath) (flat surface, plane, flatlands, [wide] valley), pl. telaith (i thelaith). *Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath, LR:353 s.v. DAL. Compare the Talath Dirnen or ”Guarded Plain” mentioned in the *Silmarillion.

talu

adjective. flat

talu

flat

(lenited dalu, analogical pl. tely). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” dalw (LR:353 s.v. DAL; notice how dalath from the same root was changed to talath in Sindarin).

telu

dome

telu (i delu, o thelu) (high roof), pl. tely (i thely)

telu

dome

(i delu, o thelu) (high roof), pl. tely (i thely)

telu

roof

(noun, high roof) telu (i delu, o thelu) (dome), pl. tely (i thely);

telu

roof

(i delu, o thelu) (dome), pl. tely (i thely);

thîr

face

(look, expression, countenance) (VT41:10)

toba

roof over

(i** doba, i** thobar) (cover). Cited as a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -o (tobo).**

tobas

roof, roofing

(i** dobas, o thobas), pl. tebais (i** thebais) for archaic pl. töbais (VT46:19)

tog

lead

tog- (i dôg, i thegir, archaic i thögir), pa.t. tunc (i thyngir) (bring)

tog

lead

(i dôg, i thegir, archaic i thögir), pa.t. tunc (i thyngir) (bring)

canya-

verb. canya-

canya- (2) verb (pa.t. canyanë given), undefined form occurring in PE17:113 (together with the seeming variant canta-). See *can- #2 for a conjecture regarding its meaning.

cana

cana

cana, see ca

canwë

canwë

*canwë, see #caw-

can-

cardinal. four

can- (1) (prefix)("k") "four" (KÁNAT)

can-

command, order

*can*- (2) vb. "command, order" (give an order) or (with things as object) "demand" _(PM:361-362; where various derivatives of the stem KAN- are listed; the verb _can_- is not directly cited, but seems implied by the statement "in Quenya the sense command had become the usual one". The undefined verb _canya**- listed elsewhere [PE17:113] may also be taken as the actual verbal derivative that Tolkien here refers to.)

canuva

leaden

canuva ("k")"leaden" (LT1:268; if this "Qenya" word is used in a LotR-style Quenya context, it must not be confused with the future tense of can-)

Canafinwë

strong-voiced or ?commanding finwë

Canafinwë masc. name "strong-voiced or ?commanding Finwë"; his Sindarin name was Maglor (see Macalaurë). Short Quenya name Cáno. (PM:352)

ca

behind, at back of place

ca, cata, cana prep? "behind, at back of place" (VT43:30)

canaquë

cardinal. fourteen

canaquë ("k, kw") cardinal "fourteen" (VT48:21).The spelling "kanakwe" occurring in the primary source could suggest that this is really a Common Eldarin form; if so, one could theorize that the Quenya form would be canquë with syncope of the middle vowel (the same source lists "minikwe" as a word for 11, and the Quenya form is known to be minque rather than **miniquë**). On the other hand, in the same source "tolokwe" as a word for 18 is listed together with definite Quenya forms and is apparently an unorthodox spelling of toloquë** (as observed by the editor): Here no syncope producing *tolquë occurs.

canasta

one fourth

canasta ("k")fraction "one fourth" (1/4). Also cansat, casta (VT48:11)

cansat

one fourth

cansat ("k")fraction "one fourth" (1/4). Also canasta, casta (VT48:11)

canta

shape

canta (2) _("k") noun"shape" (PE17:175), also used as adj._ "shaped", also as quasi-suffix -canta ("k") "-shaped" (KAT)

canta

cardinal. four

canta (1) ("k") cardinal "four" (KÁNAT, VT42:24, VT48:6). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, this word was cited with a final hyphen (as if it were a verb), but the hyphen does not actually appear in Tolkien's manuscript (VT45:19). Ordinal cantëa ("k") "fourth" (VT42:25) Compare cantil.

cantil

fourth finger

[cantil ("k")noun "fourth finger" (VT47:26)]

cantëa

fourth

cantëa ("k") ordinal "fourth" (VT42:25)

canwa

face

#canwa (2) noun "face", isolated from canwarya ("k") *"his face", evidently an ephemeral form Tolkien abandoned in favour of cendelë, q.v. (VT49:21; see VT49:34 regarding uncertainties as to the manuscript reading)

canwa

noun. face

A word appearing as kanwarya in one of the drafts of the Ambidexters Sentence, apparently a 3rd-sg possessive form meaning “✱his face” (VT49/6, 21). Patrick Wynne suggested it might be derived from √KAT “shape” as in katmā > kanwa, patterned after Latin “faciēs” which also originally meant “shape”. It seems the n in this word was revised, but what the change was intended to be is unclear. Tolkien eventually revised this word to cendelë, so canwa was probably abandoned.

canwa

announcement, order

canwa (1) noun "announcement, order" (PM:362)

canya

bold

canya (1) ("k")adj. "bold" (KAN).

canta

cardinal. four

canta

noun. shape, framework, shape, framework, [ᴹQ.] frame; shaped

cantil

noun. fourth finger

cantëa

ordinal. fourth

canwa

noun. announcement, order

ca

preposition. behind, at back of place

cana

preposition. behind, at back of place

cansat

fraction. one fourth

canta

noun. frame

frame, frame-work, shape

cante

verb. shaped

shaped

canya

adjective. wise

cáno

commander

cáno ("k") noun "commander", usually as the title of a lesser chief, especially one acting as the deputy of one higher in rank (PM:345, SA:káno PM:362 indicates that cáno originially meant "crier, herald"); "ruler, governor, chieftain" (UT:400), "leader" (PE17:113).Masc. name Cáno, see Canafinwë. The word cáno ("k") also occurred in the Etymologies with the gloss "chief", but Tolkien changed it to cánë "valour" (VT45:19).

lepecan

noun. fourth finger

A name for the fourth finger in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from 1968, a combination of ✶lepe “finger” and a reduced form of Q. canta “four” (VT47/10). Rough drafts of these notes had lepekan(t) or Q. cantil with the initial element meaning “four” and the final element Q. til “tip” (VT47/27 note #25). Later version of these notes also had lepekan, along with a more obscurely formed Q. lepente (VT48/5), whose second element is likely related to Q. net(ë) “one more [beyond the middle]” (VT47/15), as suggested by Patrick Wynne (VT48/14-15 note #5).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d use lepecan (lepecant-) for “fourth finger” as the best established of all the various forms, with Q. lepente as a more obscure variant.

lepecan

fourth finger

lepecan ("k")noun "fourth finger" (counted from the thumb) (VT47:10, VT48:5), also lepentë

quaican

cardinal. fourteen

quaican, cardinal "fourteen" (but *canaquë may be preferred) (VT48:21)

lerta-

can

lerta- vb. "can" in the sense "be free to do", being under no restraint (physical or other). Lertan quetë "I can speak (because I am free to do so, there being no obstacle of promise, secrecy, or duty)". Where the absence of a physical restraint is considered, this verb can be used in much the same sense as pol- (VT41:6)

pol-

can

pol- (1) vb. "can" = have physical power and ability, as in polin quetë "I can speak (because mouth and tongue are free)". Cf. ista-, lerta- as verbs "can" with somewhat different shades of meaning. (VT41:6, PE17:181)

canu

noun. lead

canuina

adjective. of lead

canuva

adjective. leaden

Sarquindi

cannibal-ogres

Sarquindi ("q")pl. noun "Cannibal-ogres" (LT2:347)

telimbo

canopy, sky

telimbo noun "canopy, sky" (LT1:268)

lícuma

noun. taper, candle

A word for “taper, candle” in notes associated with the versions of the Markirya poem from the 1960s, an elaboration of líco “wax” (MC/223).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s had ᴱQ. katinka “candle” based on the early root ᴱ√KATYA (QL/45).

lícuma

taper, candle

lícuma ("k")noun "taper, candle"

telta-

to canopy, overshadow, screen

telta- vb. "to canopy, overshadow, screen" (TEL/TELU)

telumë

dome, roof, canopy

telumë noun "dome, roof, canopy" (TEL/TELU, WJ:411 cf. 399; see also telluma); "firmament" (MC:214), inflected telumen in MC:221 (the latter is "Qenya"). Telumehtar "warrior of the sky", older name of Menelmacar = Orion (Appendix E, TEL/TELU, WJ:411); Telumendil *"Sky-friend", name of a constellation (Silm)

telumë

noun. roof, canopy; heaven, sky, roof, canopy, [ᴹQ.] vault, dome (of heaven); [Q.] heaven, sky, [ᴱQ.] firmament

A word for “roof, canopy” appearing in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 derived from √TELU “roof in, put the crown on a building” (WJ/399, 411). Tolkien said it “was probably one of the earliest Quendian words for the heavens, the firmament, before the increase of their knowledge, and the invention of the Eldarin word Menel” (WJ/411). As such, it was only used for “heavens” metaphorically, in mythical names like Telumehtar “Warrior of the Sky”, the Quenya name of the Orion constellation (LotR/1113; WJ/411).

Conceptual Development: The first precursor to this word seems to be ᴱQ. telimbo “canopy, often used = sky” under the early root ᴱ√TELE “cover in” (QL/90). This became ᴱQ. telume “heavens, vault of heaven, firmament” in Qenya poems written around 1930 (MC/214, 221; PE16/142). In the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s it was ᴹQ. telume “vault, heaven” (PE21/16) and in The Etymologies of the 1930s it was glossed “dome, (especially) dome of heaven” under the root ᴹ√TEL(U) (Ety/TEL).

ista-

know

ista- (2) vb. "know", pa.t. sintë (IS, LT2:339, VT48:25). This past tense Tolkien called "certainly irregular" (VT48:25, where an alternative pa.t. isintë is also mentioned, but sintë is said to be the older form; compare editorial notes in VT48:32. Ista- is also used for "can" in the sense of "know how to", as in istan quetë "I can speak (because I have learned (a) language)" (VT41:6) Passive participle sinwa "known, certain, ascertained" (VT49:68)

Macalaurë

gold-cleaver

Macalaurë ("k"), masc. name, the mother-name (never used in narrative) of Canafinwë = Maglor (PM:353, MAK); his Sindarin name is seen to be based on his mother-name. In the Etymologies, Macalaurë is interpreted "Gold-cleaver" (MAK)

casta

one fourth

casta (1) ("k")fraction "one fourth" (1/4). Also canasta, cansat (VT48:11)

caw-

bow

#caw- vb. "bow" ("k")(1st pers aorist cawin "I bow") (LT1:257; cf. cauca, cauco). In Tolkien's later Quenya, a verbal stem with w in this position does not seem to fit the general phonology well; intervocalic w would become v. We should perhaps read *cav*- whereever the second consonant of the root follows a vowel, but the nasal-infixed past tense could be canwë with the original quality of the consonant preserved. (Compare such a past tense form as anwë, q.v.) However, Tolkiens later verb luhta**- may be preferred for intransitive "bow".

cenasit

if it be so, may be, perhaps

cenasit, canasta ("k")adv. "if it be so, may be, perhaps" (VT49:19). Compare cenai.

lepentë

fourth finger

lepentë noun "fourth finger" (counted from the thumb) (VT48:5, 14, 15), also lepecan

líco

wax

líco ("k")noun "wax" (Markirya comments, MC:223). The related noun lícuma "candle" suggests that líco has the stem-form lícu-.

nár

flame

nár noun "flame", also nárë (NAR1).Translated "fire" in some names, see Aicanár(o), Fëanáro (where nár apparently has the masculine ending -o added to it). According to PE17:183, nár- is "fire as an element" (a concrete fire or blaze is rather called a ruinë).

nárë

flame

nárë, also short nár, noun "flame" (NAR1, Narqelion). Translated "fire" in some names, see Aicanáro, Fëanáro (where nár apparently has the masculine ending -o, though in the latter name it may also be the genitive ending since Fëa-náro** is translated "Spirit of Fire"). At one point, Tolkien mentioned "nār-" as the word for "fire (as an element)" (PE17:183). Cf. ruinë** as the word for "a fire" (a concrete instance of fire) in the same source.

ca(na)sta

fraction. one fourth, one fourth, *quarter

ca(ta)

preposition. behind, at back of place, behind, at back of place; [ᴹQ.] after

líco

noun. wax

A word for “wax” in notes associated with the versions of the Markirya poem from the 1960s (MC/223). It might be based on the root √LIK “glide, slide, slip, drip” from a different set of 1960s notes (NM/283).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. neite as cognate to G. nith “wax”, both derived from primitive ᴱ✶nēgittĕ (GL/60).

-stir

suffix. face

An element meaning “face” in the name Carnistir “Red-Face” (S. Caranthir), derived from primitive ✶stīrē (PM/353; VT41/10). Its form as an independent word would mostly likely be ✱síre (Classical Quenya þíre), but that would conflict with sírë “river” in spoken Quenya (Tarquesta). There are a number of other Quenya “face” words attested, such as cendelë, so it is probably safer to use one of these for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

Arcimbele

place name. Rivendell

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

ancal-

verb. blaze

blaze

anta

face

anta (2) noun "face" (ANA1, VT45:5). Cf. cendelë.

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

cairë

?. [unglossed]

cat-

verb. shape

shape, fashion

cendelë

face

cendelë noun "face" (VT49:21)

cendelë

noun. face, face, *visage

A word for “face” in the Ambidexters Sentence of the late 1960s (VT49/8). Patrick Wynne suggested it is likely an abstract noun formation from the verb cenda- “watch, observe”, and hence similar in origin to English/French “visage” which likewise originated from a Latin verb meaning “to see” (VT49/21). Earlier “face” words ᴱQ. alma and ᴱQ. yéma have similar derivations, as pointed out by Patrick Wynne.

cimba

noun. edge, brink

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

cuv-

verb. bow

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

finca

noun. [unglossed]

hendas

?. [unglossed]

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

háro

?. [unglossed]

isqua

wise

isqua ("q") adj. "wise" (LT2:339).

ista

verb. know

istima

adjective. wise, knowledgeable, v.well informed

iswa

wise

iswa adj. "wise" (LT2:339); rather saila in Tolkiens later Quenya.

lala-

laugh

lala-(1) vb. "laugh" (PM:359), possibly with pa.t. *landë because the stem is given as g-lada-.

lanu

lead

lanu noun "lead" (LT1:268)

lepente

noun. fourth finger

lindalë

music

lindalë noun "music". Cf. Ainulindalë "Music of the Ainur". (The word is cited as lindelë in the printed Etymologies, entry LIN2, but according to VT45:27, this is a misreading for lindalë in Tolkien's manuscript.) The word lindalë may argue the existence of a verbal stem #linda- "sing, make music".

lindalë

noun. music

lindelë

music

lindelë noun "music" (LIN2, LT1:258 lindalë in Ainulindalë). According to VT45:27, lindelë in the printed Etymologies (entry LIN2) is a misreading for lindalë in Tolkien's manuscript.

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

lára

flat

lára (1) adj. "flat" (DAL, VT45:25)

lúva

bow, bight; bend, bow, curve

lúva noun "bow, bight; bend, bow, curve" (Appendix E, PE17:122, 168). The reference is to a "bow" as part of written characters and other uses, but "not for shooting" (a bow used to shoot arrows is called quinga, possibly also cú if the latter term is used as in Sindarin).

maitya

?. [unglossed]

malsa

?. [unglossed]

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

naue

?. [unglossed]

neitë

wax

neitë noun "wax" (GL:60; rather líco in Tolkien's later Quenya. The status of the diphthong ei is uncertain; in the LotR appendices, Tolkien did not list ei among the Quenya diphthongs, so perhaps the word neitë from an early source is conceptually obsolete also in terms of phonology.)

nóla

wise, learned

nóla ("ñ") (1) adj. "wise, learned" (ÑGOL) (note that this and the next nóla would be spelt differently in Tengwar writing, and originally they were also pronounced differently, since nóla "wise, learned" was ñóla in First Age Quenya).

quinga

bow

quinga ("q")noun "bow" (for shooting) (KWIG, LT1:256)

rama-

to shout

rama- vb. "to shout" (LT1:259)

rambë

shout

rambë noun "a shout" (LT1:259)

réna

edge, border, margin

réna noun "edge, border, margin" (REG)

ríma

edge, hem, border

ríma noun "edge, hem, border" (RĪ)

saila

wise

#saila adj. "wise" (isolated from alasaila [q.v.] "unwise" in a late source)

saila

adjective. wise

saira

wise

saira adj. "wise" (SAY, VT46:12; a later source has the alternative formation #saila as above)

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

sélo

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

tel

roof

tel noun "roof" (LT1:268). Rather tópa in Tolkiens later Quenya.

telluma

dome, copula

telluma noun "dome, copula", especially the "Dome of Varda" over Valinor, but also applied to the domes of the mansion of Manwë and Varda upon Taniquetil. Adopted from Valarin _delgūmā under the influence of pure Quenya telumë (WJ:399, 411). Pl. tellumar is attested (Nam, RGEO:66)_.

tercáno

herald

tercáno noun "herald" (PM:362)

tercáno

noun. herald

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

tulya-

lead

tulya- vb. "lead" (+ allative: lead into) (VT43:22)

tára

wise

tára (2) ?"wise". (From tentative notes trying to explain Daur [unlenited *Taur] as Sindarin name of Frodo; the more normal word for "wise" seems to be saila/saira.)

tára

adjective. wise

tópa

roof

tópa noun "roof" (TOP)

tópa-

roof

tópa- vb. "roof" (TOP)

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

velca

flame

velca ("k") noun "flame" (LT1:260; nár, nárë would be the normal word in Tolkien's later Quenya)

venië

shape, cut

venië noun? "shape, cut" (LT1:254)

venwë

shape, cut

venwë noun? "shape, cut" (LT1:254)

yam-

shout

yam- or yama- vb. "shout" (PE16:134, yamin, *"I shout", QL:105), pa.t. yámë (QL:105)

éna

?. [unglossed]

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

þúna

?. [unglossed]

hollë

noun. shout

lalasta

noun. laughter

lalda

noun. laugh

nívë

noun. face

A neologism for “face” coined by Petri Tikka in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, derived from the root ᴹ√NIB “face, front”, but I see no reason not to use attested [ᴹQ.] anta or cendelë “face” for that purpose for that purpose.

cann

adjective. bold

canad

cardinal. four

cant

noun. outline

canad

cardinal. four

canath

cardinal. four

cann

adjective. bold

cannas

noun. shaping

cant

noun. outline, shape

daedelu

noun. canopy

A word for a “canopy” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of N. dae “shadow” and N. telu “roof” (Ety/TEL; EtyAC/DAY).

Neo-Sindarin: Since Tolkien seems to have later abandoned the meaning “shadow” for N. dae, I would not use this word for “canopy” in Neo-Sindarin, and would use other words like esgal or [N.] orthelian instead.

orthelian

noun. canopy

A word for “canopy” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a noun form of N. ortheli “roof, screen above” (Ety/TEL).

daedelu

noun. canopy

orthelian

noun. canopy

adel

preposition. behind, in rear (of)

beren

adjective. bold

beren

masculine name. Bold

beren

adjective. bold

borth

?. [unglossed]

cadw

adjective. shaped, formed

cadwar

adjective. shapely

cadwar

adjective. shapely

cadwor

adjective. shapely

cadwor

adjective. shapely

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

cûl

noun. flame

A word for “flame” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KUL “golden-red”, but this word was deleted (EtyAC/KUL).

dalw

adjective. flat

dalw

adjective. flat

diragas

?. [unglossed]

goll

adjective. wise

goll

adjective. wise

golwen

adjective. wise, learned in deep arts

hûl

noun. cry of encouragement in battle

lhach

noun. (leaping) flame

lhad

noun. plain

mauth

?. [unglossed]

menwed

?. [unglossed]

naur

noun. flame

naur

noun. fire

naur

noun. flame

nith

?. [unglossed]

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

noen

adjective. wise, sensible

níth

?. [unglossed]

orthel-

verb. to roof, screen above

peng

noun. bow (for shooting)

porennin

?. [unglossed]

rhîf

noun. edge, hem, border

sail

adjective. wise

telu

noun. dome, high roof

telwen

?. [unglossed]

tobas

noun. roofing, roof

tog-

verb. to lead, bring

canat

cardinal. four

canatya

ordinal. fourth

cáno

noun. herald

nentë

noun. fourth finger

kanat

root. four

This root was established as the basis for “four” very early, though the earliest known Elvish word for “four” was actually ᴱQ. nelde from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/65), which became “three” later on (PE14/49). In the Gnomish Lexicon written soon after, the Gnomish word for “four” was G. cant (GL/25), and by the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, the Qenya word likewise became ᴱQ. kanta “four” (PE14/49, 82). The Quenya word kept this form thereafter, and the Noldorin form became N. canad in The Etymologies of the 1930s, where the root ᴹ√KANAT “four” explicitly appeared for the first time (Ety/KÁNAT). The words and root for “four” remained the same thereafter (VT42/24-26; VT47/15-16; VT48/10), with occasional minor (and transient) variations such as √KENET (VT47/41).

kat

root. shape, shape, [ᴹ√] make

The root ᴹ√KAT “shape” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. kanta- “to shape”, ᴹQ. kanta “shaped”, and N. echad- “fashion, shape” (Ety/KAT). All these derivatives reappeared in Tolkien’s later writings, though Q. canta was more typically used as the noun “shape” (PE17/175; PE18/84, 90). The root appeared frequently in both the first and second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa as an example of a biconsonantal root (TQ1: PE18/34, 46, 62; TQ2: PE18/84-85, 87, 89-90, 95).

kanatā

cardinal. four

dāra

adjective. wise

glada-

verb. laugh

is

root. know

The root √IS was the basis for words having to do with “knowledge” for all of Tolkien’s life, as represented by the verb Q. ista- “to know” which likewise retained the same form and meaning for decades. The root first appeared as ᴱ√ISI in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where somewhat cryptically Tolkien said its Gnomish form was GIS or IS (QL/43). This is mysterious because there were no such Gnomish words beginning with gis- in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, but there is an Early Noldorin word ᴱN. gist- “to know” from the 1920s, probably derived from ᴱ✶ʒist- (PE13/144, 146); in this early period initial ʒ- > g- in Gnomish (PE12/17).

Tolkien seems to have abandoned this Noldorin variant, giving the root only as ᴹ√IS in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/IS). In this form it continued to appear in Tolkien’s later writings (PE17/155; PE22/129; VT41/6; VT48/25). In one place Tolkien gave the root in inverted form √SI (PE22/134), and such an inversion appeared in some of its derivatives, such as Q. síma “imagination, mind” (VT49/16) and sinte the irregular past tense of Q. ista-. However, the vast majority of its derivatives are from √IS.

kantaya

ordinal. fourth

kat-

verb. to shape

lal

root. laugh

A root for “laugh” appearing in notes written around 1959 (PE17/159), likely connected to S. Lalaith “Laughter”, the name of Túrin’s deceased sister (S/198). Some possible precursors appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: unglossed ᴱ√LALA whose derivatives had to do with babbling (QL/50), and ᴱ√KAKA “laugh” with derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish (QL/44; GL/24).

Tolkien gave a different primitive form ✶glada- as the basis for “laugh” words in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from the late 1960s; this produced S. glað- but still resulted in Q. lala- (PM/359). This new primitive had two problems (1) it is not compatible with S. Lalaith and (2) it shows a rather unusual assimilation of primitive d to preceding l in Quenya rather than the normal change to r: ✶(g)lada- > laða- > Q. lala- instead of ✱✱lara-. Elsewhere such assimilation did not occur, for example Q. lerembas < ✶led(e)mbasse (PE17/52).

Thus for purposes of Neo-Eldarin I think it is preferable to assume √LAL was the root for “laugh” words. However, I also think it is worth retaining √GLAD as a Sindarin-only root for similar concepts, perhaps “guffaw” and “joke”, given the limited semantic space we have in Elvish roots.

lemek

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s illustrating certain phonetic combinations (PE19/98), and therefore possibly not a “real” root.

nō

adverb. behind

palad

noun. plain

phut

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) as an etymological variation of √PUT (PE18/90).

sal

root. [unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre

The unglossed root ᴱ√SALA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. salma “lyre, small harp” and ᴱQ. salumbe “harping, music” (QL/81). The root √SAL appeared again Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s to illustrate the reformed perfect form of its verb Q. asálie (PE22/132), but since these later forms are unglossed it is unclear whether they have the same meaning (“✱harp(ing)”) as the earlier version of the root.

si

root. know

stuk

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected section of the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, serving to illustration certain phonetic developments: ✶stuknā > Q. thúna (PE19/86).

stīrē

noun. face

tig

root. [unglossed]

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as the basis for the verb Q. tinga- “go (for a long while)” (PE22/157). The etymology was marked with an “X” and so was probably a transient idea (PE22/157 note #70).

graw Reconstructed

root. [unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart

This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

stir Reconstructed

root. face

The root ✱√STIR is implied by the names Elestirnë “Star-brow” (UT/184) and Carnistir “Red-face” (PM/353), as well as the primitive word ✶stīrē “face” (VT41/10). It is probably an s-fortification of the root TIR “watch”. It likely replaces the root ᴹ√THĒ “look (see or seem)” from The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like N. thio “to seem” and N. thîr “look, face, expression, countenance”, the latter providing an earlier etymology for N. Cranthir “Ruddy-face” (Ety/THĒ). The original gloss of this 1930s root was “perceive, see” (EtyAC/THĒ). This deleted gloss in turn indicates that 1930s ᴹ√THĒ was itself a later iteration of 1910s ᴱ√SEHE [þeχe] from the Qenya Lexicon, which was mostly connected to eye-words but also had derivatives like ᴱQ. sehta-/G. thê- “see” (PE12/21; QL/82; GL/72); see the entry √KHEN for the later derivation of eye-words.

asdi

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation (pronounced [azdi]) without giving its meaning (SD/421).

rûkh

noun. shout

A word glossed “shout” (SD/426). Andreas Moehn suggested (EotAL/RUKH) that it may be a verb rûkh- “to shout”, but it appears in a list of nouns, so I think it likelier that it is noun form.

sapda

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation without giving its meaning (SD/421).

cogn

noun. bow

Primitive form given as kuȜnâ, derived from KUȜ "bow" (LR:365); it is probable that ku3nâ was originally an adjective "bow-shaped", since -nâ is predominantly an adjectival ending. As for Ȝ (spirant g) becoming a plosive g, compare garma.